HomeMy WebLinkAboutPlanning File Planning Department
Town of • • •
Memo
To: Dennis Weir, Glastonbury Bank and Trust
From: Michele R. Lipe, AICP
Assistant Director of Planning
Date: 06/23/04
Re: App. #97-88P, Chase Orchards Subdivision Street Trees
Please note that one of the street trees has died that is covered under the
maintenance period (in the area of 130 Talcott Ridge Road). We have told the
residents that we would not anticipate the tree to be replaced until the fall planting
season, however I just wanted to make sure you were aware of this.
If you have any questions, please contact feel free to contact me at 644-2511, ext.
252.
Cc: Jeff Doolittle, Town Engineer
0 Page 1
06/29/2004 TUE 13:10 FAX 860 644 7280 South Windsor Town Hall 2001
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TRANSMISSION OK
JOB NO. 1965
DESTINATION ADDRESS 96526998
PSWD/SUBADDRESS
DESTINATION ID
ST. TIME 06/29 13:10
USAGE T 00' 17
PGS. 1
RESULT OK
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• Department
Town of South Windsor
Memo
To: Dennis Weir,Glastonbury Bank and Trust
From: Michele R. Upe,AICP
Assistant Director of Planning
Date: 06/23/04
Re: App.#97-88P, Chase Orchards Subdivision Street Trees
Please note that one of the street trees has died that is covered under the
maintenance period (in the area of 130 Talcott Ridge Road). We have told the
residents that we would not anticipate the tree to be replaced until the fall planting
season, however I just wanted to make sure you were aware of this.
If you have any questions, please contact feel free to contact me at 644-2511, ext.
252.
Cc: Jeff Doolittle,Town Engineer
VHV'1U LT1 UH6HJSUU I tL -1-860=657-4897"- "� • ' ;
Mar 09 04 11 .23 No .009 g5 P .01
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®Bn„ta�c« March 9, 2004
To: Michele R, Lipe
Assistant Director of Planning P
Town of South Windsor '
1640 Sullivan Avenue
South Windsor, CT o6074
Re: Chase Orchards Phase 1 and Chase
Orchards Phase 2- Maintenance Bonds
Dear Ms: Lipe;
It is the purpose of this letter to request that the Planning and Zoning
Commission reconsider its decision of February 10, 2004 with regard to the
reduction of the existing Letters of Credit to maintenance levels amounts, As we
discussed this morning, the Lender would respectfully request that the Letters of
Credit be merged into one final Letter of Credit in the amount of$30,000.00 for
the purpose of providing a maintenance bond to the Town.
The Lender, in the foreclosure of two lots, has performed each and every
task required by the Town and its administrative staff with regard to the roadways
and subdivision improvements and has renewed its existing Letters of Credit on
many occasions when requested to do so by the Town. At this point, it appears
that renewing Letters of Credit for a total of$330,000.00 for maintenance
purposes, seems to be an unfair and unnecessary request and we believe the
amount suggested above represents a fair and more reasonable bond to
guaranty the Town's position with regard to maintenance, if the Town wishes to
consider another amount, so long as the same represents a reasonable amount
for the purpose intended, we will comply. A copy of the Commission's
- __- correspondence dated..Febmary 17, 2004.is attached..
Please present this matter to the Commission at tonight's meeting. We
appreciate your assistance in this matter.
Yours truly
Dennis J. eir
Vice President
.E3anknorth, N.A.
VHVI*D LTNUH6HJi8W, ILLL 1-�8bO-65T-4897 Ia'r :09,_0 .. .. . 11 :`24' 1 0 .009 P :02
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1W SUWYAN AVENUE BpU'FH WINDSOfl, CONN, 06074
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AREA CODE e60 644-2511
February 17,2004
IVY'.Dennis Weir
BankNorth
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury,CT 06033
Re: Appl#97-88P, Chase Orchards
Dear:W.Weir;
This is to advise you that the Plamaing'
to reduce the subdivision bond and Zoning '°n ap�+oved on Febnmy 10,2004,
level of$174 700.00 and �8e Orchards Phoo 1 fi+om$175,800.00 to a maintenance
$156,000.00.E The maint , W&PhW 2 from$156,600.00 to a maintenance level of
it expire on ebrta ib.200-5 ------ — ----- —
Please forward an amendmcut to the bond We are Mrmd .
your earliest oonveniience. y holding showing this reduction at
Sincerely,
`q
U 4 4..-Q-
Timothy H.Wentzell,Chairman
Planning&Zoning Commission
cc: ' Town Enginom'
ChiefBuilding Official
David Lynch
2510 Main Stred
Glastonbury, CT 06033
Spur N Sf4
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1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE • SOUTH WINDSOR, CONN. 06074
8 R-CO AREA CODE 860/644-2511
February 17, 2004
Mr. Dennis Weir
BankNorth
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
Re: Appl#97-88P, Chase Orchards
Dear: Mr. Weir:
This is to advise you that the Planning and Zoning Commission approved on February 10, 2004,
to reduce the subdivision bond for Chase Orchards Phase 1 from$175,800.00 to a maintenance
level of$174,700.00, and Chase Orchards Phase 2 from$156,600.00 to a maintenance level of
$156,000.00. The maintenance bonds will expire on February 10, 2005.
Please forward an amendment to the bond we are currently holding showing this reduction at
your earliest convenience.
Sincerely,
Timothy H. Wentzell, Chairman
Planning&Zoning Commission
cc: Town Engineer
Chief Building Official
David Lynch
2510 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
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OR•CoN`� AREA CODE 860/644-2511
March 15, 2004
Mr. Dennis Weir
Bank.North
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
Re: Appl#97-88P, Chase Orchards
Dear Mr. Weir:
This is to advise you that the Planning and Zoning Commission voted on March 9, 2004 to deny
your request for the reduction of the maintenance bond level for the above referenced project.
The Commission.indicated this is a requirement of the zoning regulations and there is no waiver
provision.
Sincerely,
Timothy H. entzell, Chairman `e
Planning&Zoning Commission
cc: Town Engineer
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1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE • SOUTH WINDSOR, CT 06074
,�OsoR.co TELEPHONE (860) 644-2511
January 14, 2003
Mr. John Doran
c/o Attorney Glenn Terk
81 Wolcott Hill Road
Wethersfield, CT 06105
v
Dear Mr. D ran:
Re: Expiring Letters of Credits Appl 97-88P
The Planning and Zoning Commission is holding the following Letters of Credit:
PROJECTS BANK AMOUNT EXPIRATION
Chase Orchards Banknorth $156,600 3/23/03
I
In accordance with our policy for accepting Letters of Credit in lieu of surety bonds, we must have an
amendment to each expiring Letter of Credit well in advance, extending the term for a one-year period
from the expiration date. Will you please forward us the amendment promptly?
Very truly yours,
/r
pMichele R. Li e
Assistant Director of Planning
MRL/kah
cc: John Doran
Chase Orchards, LLC
P.O. Box 752
Essex, CT 06426
towN ate
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1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE • SOUTH WINDSOR, CT 06074
YQSOR.Co TELEPHONE(860) 644-2511
February 10, 2003
Mr.
John Doran
c/o Attorney Glenn Terk
81 Wolcott Business Center
81 Wolcott Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
Re: Expiring Letter of Credits Appl#97-88P, Chase Orchards PH2
i
Dear Mr. D an:
We have not as yet received any renewal of the letter of credit in the amount of$156,600.00
which expires on March► 1 2003, as noted in our previous renewal request dated January 14,
2003. ` ��
Please be advised that discussion of this matter will be placed on the March 11, 2003, agenda of
the Planning&Zoning Commission. Calling of the letter of credit will be initiated at that time if
we have not received a renewal.
V ry truly 4Lip
ours
Michele R.
Assistant Director of Planning
MRL/kah
cc: Attorney Glenn Terk
Wolcott Business Center
81 Wolcott Hill Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
John Glasior
Glastonbury Bank&Trust Company
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
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1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE • SOUTH WINDSOR, CT 06074
��Osoe'c°� TELEPHONE(860) 644-2511
August 19, 2003-
Mr. John Doran
119 Meadow Woods Road
Deep River, CT 06417
Dear Mr. Doran:
Re: Appl#97-88P, Chase Orchards
The Planning and Zoning Commission is holding the following Letters of Credit:
Projects Bank Amount Expiration
Chase Orchards GBT $175,800 10-29-03
In accordance with our policy for accepting Letters of Credit in lieu of surety bonds, we must have an
amendment to each expiring Letter of Credit well in advance, extending the term for a one-year period
from the expiration date. Will you please forward us the amendment promptly.
Very truly yours,
Michele R. Lipe, Al P
Assistant Director of Planning
MRL/kah
cc: David Lynch GlenTer
2510 Main Street 81 Wo t Road
Glastonbury, CT 06033 Weth s i d, CT 06109
Dennis Weir
BankNorth
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
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9 1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE - SOUTH WINDSOR, CONN. 06074
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October 2, 2003
Mr. John Doran
119 Meadow Woods Road
Deep River, CT 06417
Re: Expiring Letter of Credits Appl#97-88P, Chase Orchards PH2
Dear Mr. Doran:
We have not as yet received any renewal of the letter of credit in the amount of$175,800.00
which expires on October 29, 2003, as noted in our previous renewal request dated
August 19, 2003.
Please be advised that discussion of this matter will be placed on the October 14, 2003, agenda
of the Planning & Zoning Commission. Calling of the letter of credit will be initiated at that
time if we have not received a renewal.
r
7yours
/Miclwk R. L' e
Assistant Director of Planning
MRL/kah
cc: Attorney Glenn Terk
81 Wolcott Hill Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
David Lynch
2510 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
Dennis Weir
BankNorth
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
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Planning Department
Town of South Windsor
Memo
To: Dennis Weir, Glastonbury Bank and Trust
From: Michele R. Lipe, AICP
Assistant Director of Planning
Date: 08/21/03
Re: App. #97-88P, Chase Orchards Subdivision Bonds
Enclosed are copies of memos related to work remaining in the Chase Orchards
Subdivision. We would like to reduce the bonds to maintenance level (10% of the
original bond amount) and have the Town Council accept this project this fall. We
would appreciate your assistance in finalizing these items.
If you have any questions, please contact feel free to contact me at 644-2511, ext.
252.
0 Page 1
MEMORANDUM
TO: Jeffrey B. Doolittle, Town Engineer
! l
FROM: Joseph J. Perna, Project Engineer
DATE: August 18, 2003
RE: Chase Orchards Subdivision
The following items must be addressed prior to release of the Maintenance Bond:
1. Repair of a sinkhole along the curb line in front of House No. 144, Talcott Ridge
Road. This requires cutting and patching of the pavement and curb.
2. Repair of a sinkhole behind the catch basin in front of House No. 136, Talcott Ridge
Road. This requires filling of the hole with stone or soil.
3. You should check with Michele Lipe regarding the status of street trees.
4. Copies of the cross-country drainage and sanitary sewer easements from Gardner
Chapman to South Windsor, Vernon, and Chase Orchards are required with
verification that these easements have been filed with the Town of Vernon.
5. Revised warranty deeds for the subdivision roadways and open space are required
for final review. You can check with Michele Lipe regarding the status of this also.
South • •
Planning Department
Memo
To: Jeff Doolittle,Town Engineer
From: Michele Lipe,Assistant Director of Planning
Date: 08/06/03
Re: 97-88P,Chase Orchards Subdivision
As requested, 1 have copied drafts of the deeds that were submitted which have been reviewed by the
engineering department for Town acceptance. To my knowledge, the changes were never submitted
to staff. These executed deeds are required before setting the subdivision bond to maintenance.
The only other planning items outstanding are three street trees which have died and need to be
replaced.
RECEIVED
AUG 0 6 2003
SOUTH WINDSOR
ENGINEERING DEPT.
1540 Sullivan Avenue,South Windsor,CT 06074 PH 860-644-2511,ext.253 Fax 860-644-7280
e-mail fipe(absouthwindsor.oW
0 Page 1
Planning
Department
Town of • • •
Memo .
To: Attorney Glenn Turk
From: Michele R. Lipe,AICP
Assistant Director of Planning
Date: 07/21/00
Re: App. #97-88P, Chase Orchards Subdivision Deeds
Enclosed are copies of the deeds, submitted 5/24/2000, which have been reviewed
(and marked up)by Jerry lazzetta, Town Engineer.
Once these deeds are corrected, and new mylars prepared, please submit another
copy for our review.. After the town has accepted the wording, we will be looking for
executed copy of the deeds, certificate of titles for the properties involved and signed
tax conveyance forms.
If you have any questions on the changes, please contact the Jerry in the
Engineering Department at 644-2511, ext.245.
•Page 1
Planning Department
Town of South Windsor
Me
mo
To: Mr. John Doran, President Chase Associates
Attorney Glenn Turk
From: Michele R. Lipe,AICP
Assistant Director of Planning
Date: 05/16/00
Re: App. #97-88P, Chase Orchards Road and Subdivision Deeds
The Schedule A submitted must reference specific drawings on file in the Town
Clerk's office. These references must be included before an in-depth review of the
running description can be completed. In addition, a certificate of title for the roads
and open space as well as a real estate tax conveyance form must be submitted.
If you have any questions, please contact the Jerry lazzetta in the Engineering
Department at 644-2511, ext. 244.
Post-it®Fax Note 7671 Date pages
To From ', /
taus
CoJDept. Co. �✓1
Phone# Phop-e a�r�f Z �
Fax G,, Faxi##
5-CO3
0 Page 1
PLANNING DEPARTMENT TRANSMITTAL
DATE: 13z�
TO:
WE ARE SENDING YOU:
O PZC initial plans O Drainage computations
O PZC revised plans O Bond estimate request
O PZC Final plans for review O Bond reduction request
O PZC Final plans for filing O Correspondence
O IWA/CC plans
Other
NO.OF COPIES APPLICATION NUMBER PROJEMAPPLICANT
THESE ITEMS ARE TRANSMITTED:
For review and comment O For your files
O For your use O As requested
O Other
PLEASE RETURN/COMMENT BY:
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f174/700eO ,?
Copy to: From:)iit'° - LcL
ri
Planning Department- 10/98
GLENN T. TERK
ATTORNEY AT LAW
WOLCOTT BUSINESS CENTER
81 WOLCOTT HILL ROAD
WETHERSFIELD,CONNECTICUT 06109
TELEPHONE NUMBER: (860) 563-9494
FAX NUMBER: (860) 563-6088
email:GterkQcs.com
May 24,2000
Mr. Jerry Iazzetta
Planning Department
Town of South Windsor
1540 Sullivan Avenue
South Windsor, CT 06074
Re: Chase Orchards Subdivision
Dear Mr. Iazzetta:
I am enclosing a Conveyance Tax Statement and Warranty Deed in connection
with the roads for the Chase Orchards Subdivision and a Conveyance Tax Statement and
Warranty Deed in connection with the open space for the Chase Orchards Subdivision.
Please review the descriptions to see if they are acceptable. I will provide the Town with
a Certificate of Title relative to same as soon as I know that the descriptions have been
approved.
--___-_Should-y-ou_have-any questions,do-not-hesitate- e:--- - - - - ----------- —
Sincerely,
1
s
Glenn T. Terk
GTT/kmc m�
Enclosure
MAY 3 0 2000 '
� ..'son
STATE OF CONNECTICUT STATE OF CONNECTICUT FOR TOWN CLERK USE ONLY
REAL ESTATE CONVEYANCE TAX RETURN DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE SERVICES TOWN CODE LAND RECORD
25 Sigoumey Street,Hartford CT 06106-5032 ► 10Vol. Page
OP-236(Rev. 10/99)
1.TOWN 2. LOCATION OF PROPERTY CONVEYED (Number and Street)
► SST WinJs ' ► Talaot t:Rldcp Fcadr gmasalt wyI `Inl+Ti ull Is"1T) r Khiggky ame and Sweet Maly D
3 GRA"TOR/SELLER (Last Name. First Name. Middle Initial) 4. TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER(IYPORTANT:Seeln inctims)
►Cham Oirdwidsr III ► 06-151307
5 ADDRESS (Number and Street) 6. (City or Town) State ZIP
►2033 Ellingtrn Road ► Sala,Wi Cr O 74
7 IS GRANTOR A PARTNERSHIP,S CORPORATION,LLC,ESTATE OR TRUST? 8. IS THIS CONVEYANCE BETWEEN SPOUSES?
► f YES ❑ NO (If-YES.see instructions) ► El YES NO
9. IF THIS CONVEYANCE IS FOR NO OR LESS THAN ADEQUATE CONSIDERATION,WILL FEDERAL AND STATE GIFT TAX RETURNS BE FILEq?
► ❑ FEDERAL ONLY ❑ STATE ONLY ❑ BOTH L2 NOTAPPLICABLE
10 GRANTEEIBUYER (Last Name, First Name,Middle Initial) 11. TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER(IMPORTANT:See Instructions)
►lbe TbAri of Slattll Wirdsix 110.
12 ADDRESS(Number and Street) 13. (City or Town) State ZIP
►. ►
14 DATE CONVEYED 15. DATE RECORDED 16. TYPE OF INSTRUMENT
► ► ► (W WARRANTY ❑ QUITCLAIM ❑ EASEMENT ❑ OTHER
17 THE GRANTOR CLAIMS THAT NO TAXIS DUE BECAUSE: (If applicable,check one)
►17A. ❑CONVEYANCE WAS FOR NO CONSIDERATION (This conveyance may be subject to federal and/or Connecticut Gift Tax)(See Definllions)
SEE Ir 1713 ❑ CONSIDERATION WAS MORE THAN ZERO BUT LESS THAN$2,000 (See Def,:itlons)
DEFINITIONS
BELOW 10- 17C. ER CONVEYANCE IS EXEMPT PURSUANT TO CONN.GEN.STAT.§12-498 (Exemption Code must be entered from reverse) 03
17D. IF 17C EXEMPTION CODE IS 01 OR 09,ENTER APPROPRIATE DATA:
COMPUTATION OF TAX (Enter consideration for conveyance on the appropriate line)
► 18. Consideration for Unimproved Land $ x 0.005 =_
10, Consideration for Residential Dwelling $ '
► 19A. Portion of Line 19 that is$800,000 or less $ x 0.005 =$
► 19B. Portion of Line 19 that exceeds$800,000 $ x 0.01 =$
► 20. Residential Property other than Residential Dwelling $ x 0.005 =$
► 21. Nonresidential Property other than Unimproved Land $ x 0.01 =$
► 22. Property conveyed by a Delinquent Mortgagor(See Inst.) i x 0.005 =$
1-' 23. TOTAL TAX DUE(DO NOT STAPLE CHECK TO RETURN) _
GRANTOR,GRANTOR'S ATTORNEY OR AUTHORIZED AGENTDECLARATIDN
I DECLARE UNDER THE PENALTIES OF FALSE STATEMENTTHAT I HAVE EXAMINED THIS RETURN,OP-236,AND TOTHE BEST OF MYKNOWLEDGEAND BELIEF IT IS TRUE,COMPLETE AND
CORRECT(THE PENALTY FOR FALSE STATEMENT IS IMPRISONMENT NOT TO EXCEED ONE YEAR OR A FINE NOTTO EXCEEDTWO THOUSAND DOLLARS,OR BOTH.)
NAME(Type or Print) Tit a Signature Date
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
All entries must be printed legibly or typed.
GfRANTOR,GtIAUTOR`S-ATTORNEY-OR A{1THORfZ-ED-AGENT�A-c-ompleted-tax-retummust-be submitted-tolhe-City-or_Town-Cleds-wift .cheds_payable to:
COMMISSIONER OF REVENUE SERVICES.A Taxpayer Identification Number is required for each Grantor or Grantee name listed on the deed,instrument or
writing.If a Sr,cial Security Number or Federal Employer Identification Number,as the case may be,is not entered,this return will be incomplete.If the
conveyed proparly is located in more than one town,complete a tax return for each town in which the property is located.
LINE 7.If you aI�swer"YES"to this question,you must attach a list of names,addresses and Taxpayer Identification Numbers foreach partner,member,shareholder
of beneficiary,as the case may be.
To oiler real estate conveyance tax returns or copies of the real estate conveyance tax regulations and special notices call the Department of Revenue Services at
1-800-382-9463(Connecticut callers)or 860-297-5962(Greater Hartford and out-of-state callers).TDDITT users call 860-297-4911.If you need additional information
or assistance,phase call the Excise/Public Services Taxes Unit at 860-541-3225,Monday through Friday,between the hours of8:00a.m.and 5:00 p.m.
CITY OR TOWN CLERK:Mail this tax return and check to the Commissioner of Revenue Services(address listed above)not later than 10 days after receipt.Volume
and Page reference in the box marked"FOR TOWN CLERK USE ONLY"must be completed.Please do not staple check to return.
DEFINITIONS
TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER:Social Security Number or Federal Employer Identification Number,as the case maybe.
CONSIDERATION includes money paid and the fair market value of other property,real or personal,transferred directly or Indirectly,to the grantor,whether or not
expressed in(tie instrument.By way of example and not of limitation,consideration includes the amount of any Iiabilty of the grantor assumed by the grantee and the
amount of any liability to which the property is subject.
UNIMPROVED LAND means land that has no improvements thereon.
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY OTHER THAN RESIDENTIAL DWELLING includes apartment buildings,duplexes and other multi-unit properties,whether or not the
owner resides on the premises.
Continued on reverse
WARRANTY DEED ;,
Know Ye, That Chase Orchards,LLC.,a Connecticut Limited Liability
Company with an office and place of business in the Town of South Windsor,County of
Hartford and State of Connecticut herein designated as the Grantor,for no consideration
received to the full satisfaction of the Grantor,from The Town Of South Windsor,herein _ r
designated as the Grantee,does hereby give,grant,bargain,sell and convey unto the
Grantee,its successors and assigns forever a certain piece or parcel of land designated as
Talcott Ridge Road,Pheasant Way,Trumbull Lane,Kingsley Drive and Sweet Meadow _
Drive as shown on a certain map or plan entitled"CHASE ORCHARDS SUBDIVISION j
MAP PREPARED FOR CHASE ASSOCIATES SOUTH WINDSOR,CONNECTICUT
—ENGITEK LUCHS.A DIVISION OF ENGITEK,INC.ENGINEERS,SURVEYORS
&ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS.]2 NATIONAL DRIVE,GLASTONBURY,
(����E(860)633-9401 FAX(860)633 8851 A-97-39-S I SCALE I"=40'
HEE 4, _F 27 REV 01/28/98—TOWN COMMENTS REV 05/19/982S"•ENTS REV'05/27/98 GEW;A-97-39-S2 SHEE 5 �
03/03/98-TOWN COMMEfif REV 05/19/98-TOWN COMMENTS REV 05/27/98
-GEN REV 04/01/�9-ADJUST PROP.LINE;A-97-39-S3 SHEETfti�F����bob-
01/28/98-TOWN COMMENTS REV 0S/19/98-TOWN COMMENTS REV 05/27/98-GEN REV.07/27/99-REMOVE CUL-DE-SAC;A97-S39-S4 SHEET4—)OF 27 REV—z�a9
03/09/98�TTTOWN
N COMMENTS REV 05/19/98—TOWN COMMENTS REV 05/27/9
r0 EAi, _SS��►FF��F 27 REV 03/03/98—TOWN COMMENTS REVOS/19/98 COMMENTS REV 05/27/98 GEN.REV 06/28/99 ADJUST
PROP.LINE REV 07/27/99 REMOVE CUL-DE-SAC". The premises are more
particularly bounded and described as follows:
//:01060 �
Commencing at a proposed concrete monumen#in the easterly street line of Avery
Street at the intersection of the Northerly street line of Talcott Ridge Road;•thence
proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 18.00 feet and an angle of 78°59'
11",a distance of Twenty-Four and 81/100(24.81)feet to a proposed concrete
m/100(1 5.35) proceeding S 66°47'25"E a distance of One Hundred Forty-Five and
35/100(145.35)feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding along a curve
to the left having a radius of 175.00 feet and an angle of 43°08'20",a distance of One
Hundred Thirty-One and 76/100(131.76)'I et to a proposed concrete monument;thence
proceeding N 70°04' 15"E a distance of One Hundred Eighteen and 31/100(118.31)�
feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding along a curve to the right
having a radius of 475.00 ff�et and an angle of 72°54'A5"a distance of Six Hundred
Four and 44/100(604.44)`reet to a proposed concrete monument;the last five courses are
along Association Open Space;thence proceeding S 37°0V 10"E along Association
Open Space,Lotp 42;41 and 40,in part by each,in all Five Hundred Sixty-Five and
66/10 osed concrete monum__ent thence I roceetiing a��ng .urve �,,T
Effimand
having a radius of 375,00 feet and an angle of 46°24' 55"along Lots 40,39 0" 4-
on Open Space and Lot 38,in part by each,in all Three Hundred e and bW(75
00(303.79)feet t numen rdk►etr�proceeding S 83°26'05"of a distance of Eighty Four and 36/100(84.36)feet/o a proposed concrete
t;thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 13.00 feet and
of 9U°OU'UO",along t.ot 38 a distance of Twenty and 42/100(20.42eet to a'concrete monument;thence proceeding N 06°33'S5"E along Lot 38,on Open Space and Lot 37,in part by each,in all Three Hundred Twelve and
55/100(312.55)feetgo a proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding along a curve
r to the right having a radius of 225.00 feet and g�n angle of 21°26'35",along Lot 37 a
L' distance of Eighty-Four and 21/100(84.21)feet to a proposed concrete monument;
thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 13.0.0 fe t and an angle of
80°48'45",along Lot 37,a distance of Eighteen and 34/100(18.347et to a proposed
concrete monument;thence proceeding N 52°4.8' 15"W along Lot 37 and Lot 36,in part
by each,in all,One Hundred Sixteen and 46/100(116.46),zet to a proposed concrete
monument;thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 225.00 feet
and an angle of 61°36'00" along Lot 36,35 and 34 in part by each,in all Two Hundred
forty One and 90/100(241.;0)feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding
A_-4's 9
N 080 47'45"E along Lot 34 a distance o€Forty-Two and 43/100(42.43)ieet to a
proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding S 86°33'44"E along land now or
formerly of Dart Hill Realty a distance of Fifty and 22/100(50.22)feet to a proposed
concrete monument;thence proceeding S 08°47'45"W along Lot 33,a distance of
Forty-Seven and 12/100(47.12j feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence
proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 175.00 feet and an angle of 61°36'
00"along Lot 33,a distance of One Hundred Eighty-Eight and 15/100(188.15)✓feet to a
proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding S 52 48' 15"E along Lots 33 and 32,in
part by each,in all One Hundred Sixteen and 46/100 116.46raposedzonorete—
Cth
monument;thence proceeding along a curve to the left avmg a radius of 13.00 feet and
an angle of 80°48'45"along Lot 32 a distance of Eighteen and 34/100(18.34j feet to a
proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a
radius of 225.00 feet and an angle of 50° 10'55"along Lots 32 and 31,in part by each,in
all One Hun red Ninety-Seven and 07/100(197.07)feet to a proposed concrete
monument;thence proceeding S 83°26'05"E along Lots 31.,30 and 29,in art
in all'Two Hundred and 70/100(200.70)feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence
proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 250.00 feet and an angle of 30°
48'58"along Lot 29 a distance of One Hundred Thirty-Three and 88/100(133.88)feet to
a proposed concrete monument,thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a
radius of 13.00 feet and an angle of 81°41'33"along of 28 a distance of Eighteen and
54/100(18.54)feet to a proposed concrete monument✓,thence proceeding N 45'33'20"
E along Lod 28 a distance of Ninety and 19/100(90.19)feet to a proposed concrete
monumen'f;thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 175.00 feet and
an angle of 36'45'35"along Lot 28 a distance of One Hundred Twelve and 28/100
(112.28)feet to a proposed concrete monumeld,thence proceeding N 08 47'.45"E along
Lot 28 a distance of Forty Nine and 02/100(49.02)feet to a proposed concrete
momiment;/thence proceeding S 84°39'47"E along land now or formerly of Edwin W.
Gerber a distance of Fifty and 09/100(50.09)feet to a proposed concrete monument,%/
thence proceeding S 08 47'45" W along Lot 27 a distance of Fifty Two and 05/100
(52.05)feet to a proposed concrete monumenf,,thence proceeding along a curve to the
right having a radius of 225.00 feet and an angle of 36°45'35"along Lots 27 and 26,in
part by each,in all One Hundred Forty-Four and 36/100(144.36)feet to a proposed
concrete monumer ,thence proceeding S 45°33'20"W along Lots 26 and 25 in part by
each,in all,Ninety and 19/100(90.19)feet to a proposed concrete monumenithence `�
proceeding along a.curve to the left having a radius of 13.00 feet and an angle of 81 41'
33"along lot 25 a distance of Eighteen and 54/100(18.54)feet to a proposed concrete
monumek thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 250.00 feet
and an angle of 89°54'46"along Lots 25 and 24,Association Open Space,Lots 23 and
22 in part by each,in all Thre¢Hundred Ninety-Two and 32/100(392.32)feet to a
proposed concrete monumer ,thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius
of 13.00 feet and an angle of 81°41'33"along Lot 22,a distance of Eighteen and 54/100
(18.54)feet to a proposed concrete monumedf,thence proceeding S 27°55'00"E along
Lots 22 and 21,in part by each,in all,Ninety-Two and 05/100 ee o a propose
concrete monument;thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of
225.00 feet and an angle of 24'41'48",along Lot 21 a distance of Ninety-Six and
98/100(96.98)feet to a proposed concrete monume'dt;thence proceeding S 03° 13' 12"E
along lots 21,20 and 19,in part by each,in all,One Hundred Seventy-Two and 92/100
(172.92)feet to a proposed concrete monumeW,thence proceeding along a curve to the
left having a radius of 175.00 feet and an angle of 28° 04'45"along Lot,l9 a distance
of Eighty Five and 76/100(85.76)feet,to a proposed concrete monumen(;thence
Proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 60.00 feet and an angle of 59° 11'
01",along Lot 19,a distance of Sixty-One and 98/100(61.98)feet to a proposed concrete
monumei4,thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 55.00 feet and
an angle of 85' 17' 03"along Lot 19 a distance of Eighty-One and 87/100(81.87)feet to
a proposed concrete monumen6hence proceeding along a curve to the left having a
radius of 175.00 feet and an angle of 05°26'26",along Lot 19,a distance of Sixteen and
62/100(16.62)feet to a proposed concrete monument,thence proceeding S 08°37' 18"
W along land now or formerly of Gardner Chapman a distance of Fifty(50.00)feet to a
proposed concrete monument hence proceeding along a curve to the right having a
radius of 225.00 feet and an angle of 070 13' 33",along Association Open Space,a
distance of Twenty-Eight and 38/100(28.38)feet to a proposed concrete monument;,
thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 55.00 feet and an angle of
122' 17'43"along Association Open Space a distance�f One Hundred Seventeen and
40/100(117.40)feet to a proposed concrete monumer ,thence proceeding along a curve
to the left-having a radius of 60.00 feet and an angle of 33°49'59"along Association
Open Space a distance of Thirty Five and 43/100(35.43)feet to a proposed concrete
momtmentv"thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 225.00 feet
and an angle of 38°59' 57"along Lot 18 and Lot 17,in part by each,inall,One Hundred
Fifty-Three and 15/100(153.15)feet to a proposed concrete monumed(,thence
proceeding N 03° 13' 12"W along Lots 17 and 16,in part by each,in all One Hundred
Seventy Two and 92/100(172.92)feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence
proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 175.00 feet and an angle of 24°41'
48"along Lot 15 a distance of Seventy-Five and 43/100(75.43)feet to a proposed
concrete monumenfi,thence proceeding N 27°55'00"W along Lot 15 distance of
Eighty-Nine and 29/100(89.29)feet to a proposed concrete monumthence
proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 13.00 feet and an angled 90°00'
00"along Lot 15,a distance of Twenty and 42/100(20.42)feet to a proposed concrete
monument' proceeding S 62°05'00"W along Lot 15,a distance of Eighty-Five
and 29/100(85.29)feet to a proposed concrete monumew,thence proceeding along a
curve to the right having a radius of 425.00 feet and an angle of 34°28'55"along Lot 15,
Association Open Space,and Lot 14,in part by each,in all Two Hundred Fifty-Five and
78/100(255.78)feet to a proposed concrete monumeW,thence proceeding N 83'26'05"
W along Lot 14 and 13 in part by each,in all O,nI Hundred Sixty-Two and 00/100
(162.00)feet to a proposed concrete monumenf;thence proceeding along a curve to the
left having a radius of 13.00 feet and an angle of 90°00,00"along Lot 13 a distance of
Twenty and 42/100(20.42)feet to a proposed concrete monumeY;thence proceeding S
06"33' 55"W along Lot 13,One Hundred Sixty Two and 501100(162.50)feet,to a
Proposed concrete monumerft/,thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius
of 60.00 feet and an angle of 42' 20'33"along Lot 1 ,a distance of Forty-Four and
34/100(44.34)feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding along a curve to .the right having a radius of 55.00 feet and an angle of 105° 18'25"along Lot 12,a
distance of One Hundred One and 09/100(101.09)feet to a proposed concrete
monumenWthence proceeding S 06' 33'55"W along Lot 12,a distance of Twenty-Four
and 68/100(24.68)feet to a proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding N 76' 18'
36"W along land now of formerly of Regina M. Blozie a distance of Fifty and 39/100
(50.39)feet to a proposed concrete monumenilthence proceeding N 06'33' 55"E along
Lot 11 Eighteen and 43/100(18.43)feet to a proposed concrete monument thence
proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 55.00 feet and an angle of 105°
18'25"along Lot 11,a distance of One Hundred One and 09/100(1 O1.09)feet to a
proposed concrete monument lthence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius
of 60.00 feet and an angle of 42° 20'33"along Lot 11,a distance of Forty-Four and
34/100(44.34)feet to a proposed concrete monumek,thence proceeding N 06' 33'55"
E along Lot 10,a distance of One Hundred Sixty-Two and 50/100(162.50)feet to a
Proposed concrete monument,/thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius
of 13.00 feet and an angle of 90,00,00"along Lot 10 a distance of Twenty and 42/100
(20.42)feet to a proposed concrete monumenVthence proceeding N 83°26'05"W along
Lot 10 a distance of Eighty-Four and 36/100(84.36)feet to a proposed concrete
monumentrrthence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 425.00 feet
and an angle of 46°24'55"along Lots 10 and 9,Association Open Space;and Lots 8 and
7,in part by each,in all Three IJundred Forty Four and 29/100(344.29)feet to a
proposed concrete monumen thence proceeding N 37'01' 10"W along Lots 6,5,4,3,
2 and 1,in part by each,in allfive Hundred Sixty Five and 66/100(565.66)feet to a
Proposed concrete monuments!thence proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius
of 425.00 feet and an angle of 720 54' 35",along Lot 1 and Town Open Space,in part by
each,in all,a distance of Five Hundred Forty and 82/100(540.82)feet to a proposed
concrete monument,thence proceeding S 700 04' 15"W along Town Open Space a
distance of One Hundred Eighteen and 31/100(118.31)feet to a proposed concrete
monument,/thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 225.00 feet
and an angle of 43108'20"along Town Open Space,a distance of One Hundred Sixty-
Nine and 41/100(169.41)feet to a proposed concrete monur F,thence proceeding N
' - r• 66°47'25"W alongTown Open Space a distan of One�e Hundred Thirty and 51/100
(130.51)feet to a proposed concrete monument!thence proceeding along a curve to the
left having a radius of 18.00 feet and an angle of 98°33'57"along Town Opep Space,a
distance of Thirty and 97/100(30.97)feet to a proposed concrete monument,,,thence
proceeding along a curve to the left having a radius of 2025.00 feet and an angle of 2°26'
52"a distance of Eighty-Six and 51/100(86.51)feet to the point or place of beginning.
Excepting therefrom premises shown as Lots 43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50 and 51
and Association Open Space as is more particularly bounded and described as follows:
�Gt.�
Commencing at a point in the Southeasterly corner of Lot 43(thence proceeding
N 06 33 55 E along Lots 43 a distance of Fifty-Five and 551100(55.55)feet to a
proposed concrete monument;thence proceeding along a curve to the right having a
radius of 175.00 feet and an angle of 90°00,00"along Lots 43 and 44,in part by each,in
all,Two HFdred Seventy-Four and 89/100(274.89)feet to a proposed concrete
monumerK;thence proceeding S 83°26'05"E along Lots 44,45,and 46 in part by each,
in all,Two Hundred and 70/100(200.10)feet to a proposed concrete monument(therkce
proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius of 200.00 feet and an angle of 145°
3 P 05"along Lots 46,47,Association Open Space and Lot 48,in part by each,in all
Five Hundred Seven and 95/100(507.95)feet to a proposed concrete monumenK,thence
proceeding S 62'05'00"W along Lots 48 and 49,in part by each,in all Ope Hundred
Twenty-Three and 29/100(123.29)feet to a proposed concrete monu=e ;thence
proceeding along a curve to the right having a radius 375.00 feet and an angle of 34°28'
55"along Lot 49,Association Open Space and Lot 50,in part by each,in all,Two
Hundred Twenty-Five and 68/100(225.6,8)feet to a proposed concrete monument(thence
proceeding N 83°26'05"W along Lot 50 and 51,in part by each,in ap,One Hundred
Sixty Two and 00/100(162.00)feet to a proposed concrete monumefd,thence proceeding
along a curve to the right having a radius of 13.00 feet and an angle of 900 00'00"a
distance of Twenty and 42/100(20.42)feet to a proposed concrete monumeri{thence
proceeding N 06°33'55"E along Lot 51 and Association Open Space,a distance of Two
Hundred Fifty Seven(257.90)feet to the point or place of beginning.
To Have and to Hold the premises hereby conveyed with the appurtenances thereof, unto the
Grantee, its successors and assigns forever, to its proper use and behoof,and the Grantor for itsejr its
successors and assigns, covenants with the Grantee, its successors and assigns,that the Grantor is well
seized of the premises as a good indefeasible estate in FEE SIMPLE;has good right to grant and convey
the same in manner and form as herein written and the same are free from all encumbrances whatsoever,•
except as herein stated.
AND FURTHERMORE,the Grantor does by these presents bind itself and its successors and
assigns forever to WARRANT AND DEFEND the premises hereby conveyed to the Grantee,its successors
and assigns against all claims and demands whatsoever, except as herein stated.
In all references herein to any parties,persons,entities or corporations,the use of any particular gender or the plural or
singular number is imended to include the appropriate gender or number as the text of the written instrument may require.
In Witness Whereof,the Grantor has hereunto set their hands and seals or if a corporation, it
has caused these presents to be signed by its corporate officers and its corporate seal to be affixed hereto,
this day of May, 2000.
Signed Sealed and Delivered in the presence of
or Attested by Chase Orchards,LLC
By:
Jodie T. Chase,Member
State of Connecticut }
,
County of NaHartford }ss: May 2000}
Personally appeared,Jodie T. Chase,Member of Chase Orchards,LLC.,a Connecticut Limited
Liability Company and acknowledged the execution of the foregoing instrument to be her free act and
deed and the free act and deed of said company before me this day of May,2000.
Glenn T. Terk
Commissioner of the Superior Court
TEL : 1-860-657-4897 Oct 09 '03 9 :30 No .002 P .01
E
Banknorth 2461 Main Stret
connedicut Glastunbury,CT 06033
RECEIVED ERi
OCT - 9 2003
SOUTH WINDSOR PLANNING DEFT.
October 7, 2003
_ To: Town of South Windsor
1540 Sullivan Avenue
South Windsor, CT 06074
AMENDED
Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit
Letter of Credit No. 04000758
d
Gentlemen:
At-the request of CHASE ORCHARDS, L.L.C., our customer, and for its account,
we hereby establish an "Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit" in your favor as
beneficiary for an amount or amounts not to exceed in the aggregate US Dollars One
Hundred Seventy Five Thousand Eight Hundred ($175,800.00) Dollars available by
your drafts at sight, as herein provided.
Funds under this Credit are available to you against your draft(s) as indicated in
(1) below and only when accompanied by the documents specified in (2) below.
1. DRAFTS: Your draft(s) must be drawn as follows: "Drawn Under Amended
Letter of Credit of Banknorth, N.A. No. 04000758°,
2. ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS: The draft(s) must be accompanied by the
following documents:
A. This original Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit; and
B. Your statement purportedly signed by the Chief Administrative Officer
of the Town of South Windsor as follows. "These funds are due the Town of South
Windsor to pay the cost of completing the installation and construction of public
improvements required by the Town of South Windsor for the subdivision known as
Chase Orchards, Open Space Subdivision Appl. #97-88P, RR-zone as shown on plan
prepared by Engiteck-Luchs #A-97-39-1 and revised through February 10, 1998 and
approved on March 31, 1998'; and
A division of Banknorth,N.A.
TEL : 1-860-657-4897" Oct 09 '03 9 :31 No .002 P .02
2
C. Your statement purportedly signed by the Chief Administrative Officer
of the Town of South Windsor that Chase Orchards, L.L.C. has been notified of its
default in its obligations to the Town of South Windsor, with respect to the construction
and installation of Public Improvements and has failed to cure the same to the
satisfaction of the Town of South Windsor".
We agree that draft(s) drawn in accordance with the terms stipulated and
accompanied by the documents stipulated will be duly honored on presentation if
presented to Banknorth, N.A., 2461 Main Street, Glastonbury, Connecticut commencing
with the date hereof and on or before 2:00 p.m. on October 29, 2004, at which time, this
Letter of Credit expires.
Issuance of the Letter of Credit is not to be construed as incorporating.the terms
of any document either in.whole or in part, into this Letter of Credit, nor is the issuer in
any way responsible for the validity, enforcement or performance of such documents.
This Letter of Credit shall be governed, interpreted and construed in accordance
with the Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits, 1983 revision, ICC
Publication No. 400 and any subsequent revisions thereof and the Uniform Commercial
Code of the State of Connecticut as the same may be amended.
Banknorth, N.A. fka
The Glastonbury Bank And Trust Company fka
First Massachusetts Bank, N.A.
By:
Dennis J. W"eKN
Its Vice Presiders
Hereunto duly authorized
chaaaLocwd.doc
10/09/2003 THU 15:31 FAX 860 644 7280 South Windsor Town Hall 0001
*********************
*** FAX TX REPORT ***
*********************
TRANSMISSION OK
JOB NO. 0469
DESTINATION ADDRESS 96574897
PSWD/SUBADDRESS
DESTINATION ID
ST. TIME 10/09 15:16
USAGE T 14' 24
PGS. 16
RESULT OK
Plannin
• Department
Town of • • •
Memo
To: Dennis Weir, Glastonbury Bank and Trust
From: Michele R. Upe,AICP
Assistant Director of Planning
Date: 08/21/03
Re: App.#97-88P, Chase Orchards Subdivision Bonds
Enclosed are copies of memos related to work remaining in the Chase Orchards
Subdivision. We would like to reduce the bonds to maintenance level (10% of the
original bond amount) and have the Town Council accept this project this fall. We
would appreciate your assistance in finalizing these items.
If you have any questions, please contact feel free to contact me at 644-2511, ext.
252.
Post-it®Fax Note 7671 Date 03 pages* j
To From
Dwv 'S' u�
Co/Dept Co.
i
Phone# Phone# VN_ Xa5a
LAW OFFICES
DAVID R. LYNCH &ASSOCIATES. LLC OCT 82002
2510 MAIN STREET
GLASTONBURY,CT 06033
i
DAVID R.LYNCH TEL:860-633-9451
ATTORNEY AT LAW FAX:860-657-4897
CHRISTINE J.CHOLEVA
REAL ESTATE PARALEGAL
DOROTHY L.DOLL
PROBATE PARALEGAL
Ms. Michelle Lipe October 7, 2002
Assistant Director of Planning
Town Hall - South Windsor
1540 Sullivan Avenue
South Windsor, CT 06074-2786
Re: Banknorth
Renewal of Letter of Credit - $175,800.
Dear Michelle;
I enclose herewith a revised Letter of Credit in accordance with your letter
dated September 15, 2002, a copy of which is also enclosed. As I have
previously suggested, I think it is "high time" to put this matter to rest. I will be
happy to meet with anyone from your office and any other related department to
finalize a list of items required to end this matter. Your cooperation is
appreciated.
Yours very truly
David R. Lynch
} Town of South Windsor
1540 Sullivan Ave.
South Windsor,CT 06074 Town of South • •
Phone:(860)644-2511
Fax:(860)644-3781
Fax
To: David Lynch, Esq. From: Michele R. Lipe,AICP
Fax: (860)657-4897 Pages: 1
Phone: (860)633-9451 Date: 02/21/03
Re: Expiring Letter of Credit
❑ Urgent ❑ For Review ❑ Please Comment ❑Please Reply ❑ Please Recycle
Included is a copy of the latest renewal request for the expiring letter of credit for Appl. 97-88P, Chase
Orchards Phase II. Back on October 9, 2002 1 faxed to you a copy of the remaining work to be done,
and I will fax it again with this correspondence. Other than the replacement of the street trees, I am not
sure what else has been completed.
To date, the town has not received a request to reduce these bonds to a maintenance level, therefore
the letter of credit is required to be renewed at this time. Once the required work is competed and the
bonds are established at the maintenance level (which is 10% of the original required bond amount),
the town holds that amount for 1 year before releasing it.
would appreciate a call as to the status of this renewal. I can be reached at 644-2511, ext. 252.
Thank you for your prompt attention.
u •
�SowN sf�
t�
01Pso� ?gf�
1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE• SOUTH WINDSOR, CT 06074
�OSOR.CO TELEPHONE (860) 644-2511
February 10, 2003
Mr. John Doran
c/o Attorney Glenn Terk
81 Wolcott Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
Re: Expiring Letter of Credits Ap #97-88P, hase Orchards PH2
Dear Mr. Doran:
We have not as yet received any renewal of the letter of credit in the amount of$156,600.00
which expires on March 14, 2003, as noted in our previous renewal request dated January 14,
2003.
Please be advised that discussion of this matter will be placed on the March 11, 2003, agenda of
the Planning&Zoning Commission. Calling of the letter of credit will be initiated at that time if
we have not received a renewal.
v ry truly yours
Michele R. Lip
Assistant Director of Planning
MRL/kah-
cc: Attorney Glenn Terk
Wolcott Business Center
81 Wolcott Hill Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
10wn aa�
c ~ T�0� 0-le sioa� ?d&U&Ot
c �
a
1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE•SOUTH WINDSOR,CT 06074-2786
soR.co AREA CODE 860/64 -2511
FAX 860/64 -3781
August 8, 2002
Mr. Dennis Weir
BankNorth
2461 Main Street
Glastonbury, CT 06033
Re: Chase Orchards Subdivision
Dear Dennis:
The following items remain to be completed prior to reduction of the subdivision bond
to maintenance level:
1. A section of concrete sidewalk in front of House #87 on Talcott Ridge Road
is cracked and must be replaced. The panel is located just to the left of the
existing driveway.
2. The foundation drain outlet pipe for #93 Talcott Ridge Road must be
modified to meet town standards. This would require removal of the
existing extension pipe in the catch basin and installation of a backwater
valve at the end of the pipe.
3. A number of street trees in the subdivision have died and need to be
replaced. You should coordinate with Michele Upe from the Planning
Department as to the identification/location of these trees.
4. Final mylars of the subdivision as-built plans must be submitted. I have
contacted the engineer/surveyor and discussed minor modifications to the
blueprints previously submitted (Dutton &JohnstonAC, formerly Engitek,
Inc. Tel. #633-9401).
5. Copies of the cross-country drainage and sanitary sewer easements from
Gardner Chapman to South Windsor, Vernon, and Chase Orchards are
required with verification that these easements have been filed with the
Town of Vernon.
w
Ij
6. Revised warranty deeds for the subdivision roadways and open space are
required for final review. These should be submitted to Michele Lipe in the
Planning Department. Mr. Glenn Terk, Esq. should be contacted regarding
the status of these deeds.
If you have any questions regarding this punch-list or require a clarification on an item,
please feel free to call me.
Sincerely,
J eph J. P na
Project Engineer
cc: Jeffrey Doolittle, Town Engineer
Michele Lipe, Asst. Dir. Of Planning
Scott Dufford, Dufford Construction
MEMORANDUM
To: Michele Lipe
Cc: Mel Stead, Joe Perna
From: Jeffrey B. Doolittle, P.E., Town Engineer G
Date: 7/23/02
RE: Chase Orchards
What is the status of this subdivision? I know the time to completion has passed and
BankNorth has taken over the project. Some of the original punch-list items have
been finished, however they have not all been completed. The letter to BankNorth
from Joseph Pe
rna dated August 8 2002 has p g s a list of outstanding items. Recently a
sinkhole has developed along the curb line in front of Number 114 and another
sinkhole has developed behind the catch basin in front of Number 136 Talcott Ridge
Road. These are a safety hazard to persons using the road and need to be repaired
by the Bank immediately. Please contact the Bank about the sink holes and other
outstanding items, and let us know their plans to complete this project and get it
ready for the maintenance period and Town acceptance.
Thank You
1
1 . PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
This Statement was prepared to give you information about arsenic and to emphasize the
human health effects that may result from exposure to it. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has identified 1,300 sites on its National Priorities List (NPL). Arsenic has
been found in at least 781 of these sites. However, we do not know how many of the 1,300
NPL sites have been evaluated for arsenic. As EPA evaluates more sites, the number of
sites at which arsenic is found may change. This information is important for you to know
because arsenic may cause harmful health effects and because these sites are potential or
actual sources of human exposure to arsenic.
When a chemical is released from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a
container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment as a chemical emission. This
emission, which is also called a release, does not always lead to exposure. You can be
exposed to a chemical only when you come into contact with the chemical. You may be
exposed to it in the environment by breathing, eating, or drinking substances containing the
chemical or from skin contact with it.
If you are exposed to a hazardous chemical such as arsenic, several factors will determine
whether harmful health effects will occur and what the type anct-severity of those health
effects will be. These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), the
route or pathway by which you are exposed (breathing, eating, drinking, or skin contact), the
other chemicals to which you are exposed, and your individual characteristics such as age,
f_ sex, nutritional status, family traits, life style, and state of health.
1.1 WHAT IS ARSENIC?
Arsenic is a naturally-occurring element. Pure arsenic is a gray metal-like material which
is usually found in the environment combined with other elements such as oxygen, chlorine,
and sulfur. Arsenic combined with these elements is called inorganic arsenic. Arsenic
combined with carbon and hydrogen is called organic arsenic. You should know the
difference between inorganic and organic arsenic because the organic forms are usually less
harmful than the inorganic forms.
t
Most inorganic and organic arsenic compounds are white or colorless powders that do not
evaporate. They have no smell, and most have no special taste. Thus, you usually cannot
tell if arsenic is present in your food, water, or air.
Inorganic arsenic occurs naturally in many kinds of rock, especially in ores that contain
copper or lead. When these ores are heated at smelters to get the copper or lead, most of
the arsenic enters the air as a fine dust. Smelters collect this dust and purify the arsenic for
several uses. The main use is as a preservative for wood to make it resistant to rotting and
2
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
decay. Arsenic is also used to make several types of insect killers and weed killers, such as
AnsarO, Scorch®, Phytar®, Buen09, Crab-E-Rad®, Premix®, and others.
You can find more information on the sources, properties, and uses of arsenic in Chapters 3
and 4.
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO ARSENIC WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?
Arsenic can enter the environment in several ways. Even though it does not evaporate,
arsenic can get into air as dust. This can happen when smelters heat ores containing
arsenic, when people burn any material containing arsenic, or when wind blows soil that
contains arsenic into the air. Once in the air, the arsenic particles will travel with the wind
for a while, but will then settle back to the ground. Most arsenic compounds can also
dissolve in water. Thus, arsenic can get into lakes, rivers, or underground water by
dissolving in rain or snow, or through the discharge of industrial wastes. Some of the
arsenic will stick to the sediment on the bottom of the lake or river, and some will be
carried along by the water.
Arsenic is not broken down or destroyed in the environment. However, it can change from
one form to another by natural chemical reactions, and also by the action of bacteria that
live in soil or water. Although some fish and shellfish build up arsenic in their tissues, most
of this is in a form (often called "fish arsenic") that is not toxic.
You can find more information on how arsenic gets into the environment and how it
behaves in air, soil, and water in Chapters 4 and 5.
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED-TO ARSENIC?
Because arsenic is a natural part of the environment, low levels of arsenic are present in
soil, water, food, and air. Soil usually contains the most, with average levels of about
5,000 parts of arsenic per billion parts of soil (ppb). Levels in food are usually about
20-140 ppb and levels in water are about 2 ppb. Levels in air are usually about
0.02-0.10 micrograms per cubic meter. Thus,you normally take in small amounts of arsenic
in the air you breathe, the water you drink, and the food you eat. Of these, food is usually
the largest source. You are also likely to swallow small amounts of dust or dirt each day,
so this is another way you can be exposed to arsenic. The total amount you take in from
these sources is probably about 50 micrograms each day.
s
r
3
t. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
In addition to
the normal levels of arsenic in air,water, soil, and food,you could be exposed
to higher levels in several ways, such as the following:
• Some areas of the country contain unusually high natural levels
of arter. senic
iyou 1 ro kn
an area like this, you could take
and this can lead to unusually
high
in above-average amounts of arsenic from the soil
or from the water.
te
terial is
• Some hazardous waste sites contain large quantities
of eir, or sohl. Ifayou live
not properly disposed of, it can get into surrounding water, a
near such a site,you could be exposed to above-average levels of arsenic from these
media.
If you work
in an occupation that involves arsenic production or use (for example,
•
copper or lead smelting,wood treating,pesticide application),you could bep
to above-average levels of arsenic during your work. The government estimates that
about 55,000 people may be exposed in this way.
• If you saw or sand arsenic-treated wood, you could inhale ds woodme , you the sawdust into
ou could inhale
Y
your nose or throat. Similarly, if you burn arsenic-treate
arsenic in the smoke.
rat• , ant poison,
In the past, several kinds of products used in the home (Howeveronmost of these
weed killer, some types of medicines) had arsenic in them.
use
s of arsenic have ended, so you are not likely to be exposed from home products
any longer.
You
can find more information on how you may be exposed to arsenic in Chapter 5.
1.4 HOW CAN ARSENIC ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?
into
If you swallow arsenic in water, soil, or food, most of the arsenic near a waste quickly
enters If you Brea ur
body. This is the most likely way for you to be expose
air that contains arsenic dusts, many of the dust particles sett e onto thethe lungs lining
the body. You
Most of the arsenic in these particles is then taken up fro are
might be exposed in this way near waste sites where arsenic-co�ea onyour d skins only a small
mig
to blow into the air. If you get k n ntoc our soil
is usually not of concern.
amount will go through your Y
1
i
4
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
If you are exposed to arsenic,your liver changes some of this to a less harmful organic form.
Both inorganic and organic forms leave your body in your urine. Most of the arsenic will
be gone within several days, although some will remain in your body for several months or
even longer.
You can find more information on how arsenic enters and leaves your body in Chapter 2.
1.5 HOW CAN ARSENIC AFFECT MY HEALTH?
Inorganic arsenic has been recognized as a human poison since ancient times, and large oral
doses (above 60,OOO ppb in food or water) can produce death. If you swallow lower levels 3
of inorganic arsenic (ranging from about 300 to 30,000 ppb in food or water), you may
experience irritation of your stomach and intestines, with symptoms such as pain, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea. Other effects you might experience from swallowing arsenic include
decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, blood-vessel
damage, and impaired nerve function causing a "pins and needles" sensation in your hands
and feet. Although there is no good evidence that arsenic can injure pregnant women or
their fetuses, studies in animals show that doses of arsenic that are large enough to cause
illness in pregnant females may cause low birth weight, fetal malformations, or even fetal
death.
Perhaps the single most characteristic effect of long-term oral exposure to inorganic arsenic
is a pattern of skin changes. This includes a darkening of the skin and the appearance of
small "corns" or "warts" on the palms, soles, and torso. While these skin changes are not
considered to be a health concern in their own right, a small number of the corns may
ultimately develop into skin cancer. Swallowing arsenic has also been reported to increase
the risk of cancer in the liver, bladder, kidney, and lung. The Department of Health and
Human Services determined that arsenic is a known carcinogen. The International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that arsenic is carcinogenic to humans.
The EPA has determined that arsenic is a human carcinogen. Both the EPA and the
National Toxicology-Program (NTP) have classified arsenic as a known human carcinogen.
If you breathe high levels of inorganic arsenic, you are likely to experience a sore throat and
irritated lungs. You may also develop some of the skin effects mentioned above. The
exposure level that produces these effects is uncertain, but is probably above
100 micrograms per cubic meter. However, these effects are usually not serious. Of much
greater concern is the ability of inhaled inorganic arsenic to increase the risk of lung cancer.
This has been seen mostly in humans exposed to arsenic in or around smelters. People who
live near smelters, chemical factories, or waste sites with arsenic may have increased risk
4 of lung cancer as well.
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5
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
If you have direct skin contact with inorganic arsenic
compounds, your skin may ear that skin contact become
irritated with some redness and swelling. However, it does of appear
likely to lead to any serious internal effects.
Despite all the adverse health effects associated with inorganic arsenic exposure, there is
some evidence that the small amounts of arsenic in the normal diet (10-50 ppb) may be
beneficial to your health. For example, animals fed a diet with unusually low concentrations
of arsenic did not gain weight normally. They also became pregnant less frequently than
animals fed a diet containing a normal amount of arsenic. Further, the offspring from these
animals tended to be smaller than normal, and some died at
n early age. However, no
cases of arsenic deficiency in humans have ever been reported.
Almost no information is available on the effects of organic arsenic compounds in humans.
Studies in animals show that most organic arsenice compounds
he same effectsThusa f you
inorganic forms. However, high doses can produce so
are exposed to high doses of an organic arsenic compound, you might develop nerve injury,
stomach irritation, or other effects, but this is not known for certain.
You can find more information on the health effects of inorganic and organic arsenic in
Chapter 2.
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN
EXPOSED TO ARSENIC?
Several sensitive and specific tests can measure arsenic in your blood, urine, hair, or
fingernails, and these tests are often helpful in determining if you have been exposed to
above-average levels of arsenic. These tests are not usually performed in a doctor's office,
but require sending the sample to a testing laboratory.
Measurement of arsenic in your urine is the most reliable means of measure arsenic total
exposures that you experienced within the last several day Most tests
amount of arsenic present in your urine. Sometimes this can be misleading, because the
nonharmful forms of arsenic in fish and shellfish can give a high reading even if you have
not been exposed to a toxic form of
arse
"arse
For this reason, laboratories sometimes use
a more complicated test to separate fish arsenic from other forms. Because most arsenic
leaves your body within a few days, analysis of your urine cannot detect if you were exposed
to arsenic in the past. Tests of your hair or fingernails can tell if you were exposed to high
levels over the past 6-12 months, but these tests are not very useful in detecting low level
exposures. If high levels of arsenic are detected, this shows that you have been exposed, but
unless more is known about when you were long, it is usually not
possible to predict whether you will have any harmful health effects
a
6
I. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
You can find more information on how arsenic can be measured in
and other tissues in Chapters 2 and 6. your hair, urine, nails,
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL G
f PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH? OVERNMENT MADE TO
The federal government has taken several steps to
protect has set limits on the amount of arsenic that industrial sourcemans s anrre ease into EPA
environment. Second, EPA has restricted or canceled many of the uses to the
pesticides and is considering further restrictions. Third, EPA has seta 1' of arsenic in
arsenic in drinking water. EPA is currently reviewing this value and t a limit
of 50 ppb for
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established Y er it. Finally,
permissible exposure limit of 10 micrograms per cubic meter or airborn area maximum
workplaces that use inorganic arsenic. arsenic in various
�f You can find more information
on regulations and guidelines that apply to arsenic '
Chapter 7. m
1.8 WHE
RE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?
If you have any more questions or concerns, please contact your communi or
or environmental quality department or. tY state health
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
This agency can also provide you with information on the
locaon of the occupational and environmental health clinic. These clinics specialize in the recognition,
evaluation, and treatment of illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous
substances.
a«d
A
Lf.•
99
5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
5.1 OVERVIEW
Arsenic is an element that occurs naturally in a variety of sulfidic ores. Arsenic can be released to the
environment from natural sources (e.g., volcanoes, erosion from mineral deposits), but releases from human
activities (e.g., metal smelting, chemical production and use, coal combustion, waste disposal) can lead to
substantial environmental contamination. Most human releases of arsenic are to land or soil, primarily in the
form of pesticides or solid wastes. However, substantial amounts are also released to air and to water.
Arsenic released to land is relatively nonmobile, due to binding to soil particles. However, rainwater or
snowmelt may leach soluble forms into surface water or groundwater, and soil microorganisms may reduce a
small amount to volatile forms (arsines). Arsenic dissolved in water can undergo either reduction or oxidation,
depending on conditions. Poorly soluble forms tend to adsorb to organic material in sediments or soils, while
the soluble species tend to move with water. Arsenic released to air exists mainly in the form of particulate
matter. These particles are dispersed by the wind as a function of their size,and the particles are then returned
to the earth by wet or dry deposition. Arsines that are released from microbial sources in soils or sediments
undergo oxidation in the air, reconverting the arsenic to nonvolatile forms that settle back to the ground.
Because arsenic is a natural component of the earth's crust, low levels are found in all environmental media.
Concentrations in air in remote locations (away from human releases) range from 1 to 3 ng/m3, while
concentrations in cities may range from 20 to 100 ng/m3. Concentrations in water are usually less than 10 ppb,
although higher values can occur near natural mineral deposits or man-made sources. Natural levels of arsenic
in soil usually range from 1 to 40 ppm, but pesticide application or waste disposal can produce much higher
values. Arsenic is also found in many foods, at concentrations that usually range from 20 to 140 ppb.
Concentrations may be substantially higher in certain seafoods, although much of this is in a nontoxic form.
For most people,the diet is the largest source of exposure,with average intakes of about 50 µg/day. Intake from
air, soil, and water are usually much smaller, but exposure from these media may become significant in areas
of arsenic contamination. People who produce or use arsenic compounds in occupations such as nonferrous
metal smelting,pesticide manufacturing or application,wood preservation,semiconductor manufacturing,or glass
production can be exposed to substantially higher levels of arsenic, mainly from dusts or aerosols in air. The
government estimates that in the early 1980s, about 55,000 workers were exposed in these occupations.
Hazardous waste sites are another possible source of human exposure to arsenic. Arsenic has been identified
at 781 of the 1,300 hazardous waste sites that have been proposed for inclusion on the NPL (HAZDAT 1992).
The frequency of these sites within the United States can be seen in Figure 5-1. Of these sites 774 are located
in the United States and 7 are located in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Exposure at waste sites may occur
by a variety of pathways,including inhalation of dusts in air,ingestion of contaminated soil or water,or through
the food chain. The magnitude of the exposures may be substantial,but this can only be evaluated on a site-by-
site basis.
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Table 5-1 summarizes data on industrial emissions of arsenic reported to the EPA (TRI88 1990). These data
should be used with caution since only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive
list. Further information on arsenic releases to the environment from industrial and other sources is presented
below.
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102
5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
5.2.1 Air
r
Estimated total releases of arsenic to air in the late 1970s from production of arsenic, use of arsenic-containing
products, and other miscellaneous sources ranged from about 13 to 19 million pounds (EPA 1982a, 1982c). It
is likely that air releases of arsenic have decreased in the past decade due to recent regulations on industrial
emissions(EPA 1986f),improved control technology for coal-burning facilities,and the decreased use of arsenical
pesticides. For example,emissions from industrial sources to air reported to the TRI database for 1988 totaled
only about 270,000 pounds(TRI881990). As noted above,however,these data should be used with caution since
only certain types of facilities are required to report. Also, these data do not include emissions from coal
combustion facilities or pesticide spraying, two major additional arsenic sources. T
An average of about 17 million pounds per year of arsenic may also be released to the air from natural
phenomena, including volcanic eruptions and forest fires(Walsh et al. 1979). On a global scale, this is probably !
greater than the amount currently released to air by human activity(see above). However, industrial activities
are the main local sources of arsenic releases to the atmosphere (EPA 1982a, 1982c, 1984a; NAS 1977a).
5.2.2 Water
Arsenic may be released to water by natural weathering processes, by discharge from industrial facilities, by
leaching from landfills or soil,or by urban runoff(EPA 1982a;Francis and White 1987;IARC 1980;Wadge and
Hutton 1987). Reported industrial discharges of arsenic compounds to surface water and public sewage
treatment works for 1988 totalled 7,500 and 5,100 pounds, respectively (TRI88 1990). Underground injection
(which can lead to groundwater contamination)totalled 27,400 pounds. Arsenic was detected in 58%of samples
of urban stormwater runoff from 8 of 15 cities surveyed in the National Urban Runoff Program at concentrations
` ranging from 1 to 50.5 ppb (Cole et al. 1984).
Arsenic has been detected in both surface water and groundwater at about 15% of hazardous waste sites for
which data are included in the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) Statistical Database (CLPSD 1990). Note
that the CLP Statistical Database includes data from both NPL and non-NPL sites. The geometric mean arsenic
concentrations of the positive samples were about 40 and 47 ppb for groundwater and surface water,respectively,
at these sites (CLPSD 1990).
5.2.3 Soil
Most arsenic(about 80% of the total) that is released to the environment from human activities is released to
soil (EPA 1982c). Application of pesticides and disposal of solid wastes from fossil fuel combustion and
industrial processes are the major sources. Reported releases to land from industrial processes totalled about
5.6 million pounds in 1988 (TRI88 1990), accounting for nearly 95% of total reported environment releases. Of
this, nearly all was to permitted facilities (EPA 1990e). Land application of sewage sludge is another source of
arsenic in soil. Arsenic was detected in sewage sludge samples from 23 cities at concentrations of 0.3-53 ppm
(Mumma et al. 1984).
Arsenic has been detected in soil at 16% of 385 hazardous waste sites where it has been measured, at a
geometric mean concentration of 5 ppm (CLPSD 1990). The maximum reported soil concentration from the
CLPSD was 5,000 ppm (Eckel and Langley 1988). Based on comparison with average background levels of
arsenic in soil (see Section 5.4.3), these data indicate that arsenic detected in soil at some waste sites may be
natural and not the result of waste disposal.
ts.
Y<
103
1 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
i
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
r
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning
t}
1 Most arsenic in the environment exists in soil or rock. This material may be transported by wind or water
f erosion of small particles,or may be transported by leaching into rainfall or snowmelt. However,because many
{ arsenic compounds tend to adsorb to soils or sediments,leaching usually results in transportation over only short
distances in soil (EPA 1982c; Moore et al. 1988; Welch et al. 1988).
f
Transport and partitioning of arsenic in water depends upon the chemical form(oxidation state and counter ion)
of the arsenic and on interactions with other materials present. Soluble forms move with the water, and may
be carried long distances through rivers (Callahan et al. 1979). However, arsenic may be adsorbed from water
onto sediments or soils, especially clays,iron oxides, aluminum hydroxides,manganese compounds, and organic
f material (Callahan et al. 1979; EPA 1982c; Welch et al. 1988). Sediment-bound arsenic may be released back
into the water by chemical or biological interconversions of arsenic species (see Section 5.3.2).
Arsenic in the atmosphere exists as particulate matter,mostly as particles less than 2 µm in diameter(Coles et al.
1979). These particles are transported by wind and air currents until they are returned to earth by wet or dry
deposition. The residence time of particulate-bound arsenic depends on particle size and meteorological
conditions, but a typical value is about 9 days (EPA 1982a).
I
Bioconcentration of arsenic occurs in aquatic organisms, primarily in algae and lower invertebrates.
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) measured in freshwater invertebrates and fish for several arsenic compounds
ranged from 0 to 17,but a BCF of 350 was observed in marine oysters(EPA 1980a). Biomagnification in aquatic
i food chains does not appear to be significant (Callahan et al. 1979; EPA 1982a, 1983e), although some fish and
1 invertebrates contain high levels of arsenic compounds. Terrestrial plants may accumulate arsenic by root uptake
from the soil or by absorption of airborne arsenic deposited on the leaves, and certain species may accumulate
7 substantial levels (EPA 1982a).
i
1
5.3.2 Transformation and Degradation
5.3.2.1 Air
a Arsenic is released into the atmosphere primarily as arsenic trioxide or, less frequently, in one of several volatile
organic compounds, mainly arsines (EPA 1982a). Trivalent arsenic and methyl arsines in the atmosphere
undergo oxidation to the pentavalent state (EPA 1984a), and arsenic in the atmosphere is usually a mixture of
the trivalent and pentavalent forms (EPA 1984a; Scudlark and Church 1988). Photolysis is not considered an
important fate process for arsenic compounds (Callahan et al. 1979).
5.3.2.2 Water
Arsenic in water can undergo a complex series of transformations,including oxidation-reduction reactions,ligand
exchange,and biotransformation (Callahan et al. 1979; EPA 1984a;Welch et al. 1988). Rate constants for these
various reactions are not readily available, but the factors most strongly influencing fate processes in water
include Eh (the oxidation-reduction potential), pH, metal sulfide and sulfide ion concentrations, iron
concentrations,temperature,salinity,and distribution and composition of the biota(Callahan et al. 1979;Wakao
et al. 1988). The predominant form of arsenic in surface waters is usually arsenate (EPA 1982c),but aquatic
microorganisms may reduce the arsenate to arsenite and a variety of methylated arsenicals (Benson 1989;
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5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
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Braman and Foreback 1973;Edmonds and Francesconi 1987). Arsenate also often predominates in groundwater,
but arsenite may be an important component,depending upon the characteristics of the water and surrounding
geology(Robertson 1989; Welch et al. 1988).
5.3.2.3 Soil
Transformations of arsenic in soil are similar to those occurring in aquatic systems, with As(+5) predominating
in aerobic soils,As(+3) in slightly reduced soils (e.g., temporarily flooded), and arsine, methylated arsenic, and
elemental arsenic in very reduced conditions(e.g.,swamps and bogs) (EPA 1982a). Organoarsenical pesticides
(e.g., MMA, DMA) applied to soil are metabolized by soil bacteria to alkylarsines, arsenate, and MMA (Hood
1985). The half-life of DMA in soil is about 20 days (Hood 1985).
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT
5.4.1 Air
Arsenic in ambient air is usually a mixture of arsenite and arsenate,with organic species of negligible importance
except in areas of substantial methylated arsenic pesticide application or biotic activity(EPA 1984a). Mean levels
in ambient air in the United States usually range from <1 to 3 ng/m3 in remote areas and from 20 to 30 ng/m3
in urban areas (Davidson et al. 1985; EPA 1982c; IARC 1980; NAS 1977a). Large cities generally have higher
arsenic air concentrations than smaller ones due to emissions from coal-fired power plants (IARC 1980), but
maximum 24-hour concentrations generally are less than 100 ng/m3 (EPA 1984a). The highest arsenic levels
detected in the atmosphere were near nonferrous metal smelters,with reported concentrations up to 2,500 ng/m3
(IARC 1980; NAS 1977a; Schroeder et al. 1987).
5.4.2 Water
Arsenic is widely distributed in surface water, groundwater, and finished drinking water in the United States.
Surveys of arsenic concentrations in rivers and lakes indicate that most values are below 10 ppb, although_
individual samples may range up to 1,000 ppb (NAS 1977b; Page 1981; Smith et al. 1987; Welch et al. 1988).
The median arsenic concentration for surface water samples recorded in the STORET database was 3 ppb(EPA
1982c). Arsenic has also been detected in rainwater at average concentrations of 0.2-0.5 ppb and in seawater
at an average level of 2 ppb (Welch et al. 1988).
Arsenic levels in groundwater average about 1-2 ppb, except in some western states with volcanic rock and
sulfide mineral deposits high in arsenic,where arsenic levels up to 3,400 ppb have been observed (IARC 1980;
Page 1981; Robertson 1989; Welch et al. 1988).. In western mining areas, groundwater arsenic concentrations
up to 48,000 ppb have been reported (Welch et al. 1988).
Surveys of drinking water in the United States have found that more than 99% of public water supplies have
arsenic concentrations below the EPA Maximum Contaminant Level(MCL)of 50 ppb(EPA 1984a). In an EPA
study of tap water from 3,834 U.S. residences, the average value was 2.4 ppb (EPA 1982c). However, drinking
water in polluted areas may have much higher levels;mean arsenic concentration in tapwater from homes near
a smelter.was 90 ppb (Morse et al. 1979).
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5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
Most arsenic in natural waters is a mixture of arsenate and arsenite, with arsenate usually predominating
t (Braman and Foreback 1973;EPA 1982c, 1984a). Methylated forms have also been detected in both surface and
groundwater, at levels ranging from 0.01 to 7.4 ppb(Braman and Foreback 1973;Hood 1985),with most values
below 0.3 ppb (Hood 1985).
5.4.3 Soil
Arsenic is found in the earth's crust at an average level of 2 ppm (NAS 1977b). Most natural soils contain low
? levels of arsenic, but industrial wastes and pesticide applications may increase concentrations. Background
arsenic concentrations in soil range from about 1 to 40 ppm, with a mean value of about 5 ppm (Beyer and
Cromartie 1987;Eckel and Langley 1988;EPA 1982a;NAS 1977a). Soils overlying arsenic-rich geologic deposits
such as sulfide ores may have soil concentrations two orders of magnitude higher (NAS 1977a). Arsenic
y concentrations up to 27,000 ppm were reported in soils contaminated with mine or smelter wastes(EPA 1982a).
Soil on agricultural lands treated with arsenical pesticides may retain substantial amounts of arsenic. One study
reported an arsenic concentration of 22 ppm in treated soil compared to 2 ppm for nearby untreated soil(EPA
1982a).
Sediments in aquatic systems often have higher arsenic concentrations than those of the water (Welch et al.
1988). Most sediment arsenic concentrations reported for U.S.rivers,lakes,and streams range from 0.1 to 4,000
ppm, but much higher levels may occur in areas of contamination (Heit et al. 1984; NAS 1977a; Welch et al.
j 1988).
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media
f Arsenic is found in many types of food. The highest levels are detected in seafood,meats, and grains. Typical
f U.S. dietary levels of arsenic in these foods range from 0.02 ppm in grains and cereals to 0.14 ppm in meat,fish,
and poultry(Gartrell et al. 1986),but there is a wide range of values. Shellfish and other marine foods contain
{ the greatest arsenic concentrations(Jelinek and Corneliussen 1977). Mean levels in fish and seafood are usually
about 4-5 ppm (Bennett 1986; Schroeder and Balassa 1966), but may be as high as 170 ppm (NAS 1977b).
It is important to bear in mind that much of the arsenic present in fish and shellfish exists in an organic form
t that is essentially nontoxic. However, some of the arsenic in these foods is in inorganic form. For example, a
recent study in the Netherlands reported that inorganic arsenic comprised 0.1-41%of the total arsenic in seafood
q (Vaessen and van Ooik 1989).
Arsenic is frequently found in plants, often as a result of pesticide treatment (NAS 1977a). Concentrations
` typically vary from 0.01 to 5 ppm(NAS 1977a). Tobacco levels of arsenic average 1.5 ppm,or about 1.5 µg per
cigarette (EPA 1984a). Arsenic has also been detected in several homeopathic medicines at concentrations up
to 650 ppm (Kerr and Saryan 1986).
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
For the general population,food is generally the greatest source of arsenic exposure. In the United States,food
intake of arsenic has recently been estimated to be about 46 µg/day, with the largest contribution from meat,
fish, poultry, grain, and cereal products (Gartrell et al. 1986). Some of this is probably in the form of organic
arsenicals (see Section 5.4.4). Drinking water may also be a significant source of arsenic exposure. Estimates
of arsenic intake for adults drinking 2 liters of water per day average about 5 µg/d (EPA 1982c), but could be
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5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
higher (10-100 µg/d) where levels in water are above average. It is assumed that nearly all arsenic in drinking
water is inorganic(EPA 1984a).
Inhalation of arsenic from ambient air is usually a minor exposure route for the general population. For
example,the dose to a person who breathes 20 m3/day of air containing 20-30 ng/m3(see Section 5.4.1) would
be about 0.4-0.6 µg/d. However, smokers may be exposed to arsenic by inhalation of mainstream smoke.
Assuming that 20%of the arsenic in cigarettes is present in smoke,an individual smoking two packs of cigarettes
per day would inhale about 12 µg of arsenic (EPA 1984a).
Occupational exposure to arsenic may be significant in several industries, mainly nonferrous smelting, arsenic
production, wood preservation, glass manufacturing, and arsenical pesticide production and application. The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimated that about 55,000 workers were
exposed to arsenic in the early 1980s (NOES 1990). The principal exposure pathway is probably inhalation of
arsenic adsorbed to particulates, but ingestion and possibly dermal exposure may also be common. However,
no information was located on typical exposure levels in the workplace. Since arsenic is no longer produced in
the United States (see Section 4.1), and many arsenical pesticide uses have recently been banned (see Chapter
7), it is likely that the number of workers occupationally exposed to arsenic has decreased in recent years.
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES
s
As noted above,workers in a number of industries may have high exposures to arsenic,especially if proper safety
procedures are not followed. For members of the general population, above-average exposure to arsenic from
drinking water is possible in areas of high natural arsenic levels in groundwater or elevated arsenic levels in
drinking water due to industrial discharges, pesticide applications, or leaching from hazardous waste facilities.
Individuals living in the vicinity of large smelters and other industrial emitters of arsenic may be exposed to above
average arsenic levels both in the air and, as a result of atmospheric deposition, in water and soil.
Smokers and those regularly consuming large amounts of seafood may also be exposed to higher than average
levels of arsenic.
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE
Section 104(i)(5) of CERCLA directs the Administrator of ATSDR (in consultation with the Administrator of
EPA and agencies and programs of the Public Health Service) to assess whether adequate information on the
health effects of arsenic is available. Where adequate information is not available,ATSDR, in conjunction with
NTP, is required to-assure the initiation of a program of research designed to determine the health effects (and
techniques for developing methods to determine such health effects) of arsenic.
The following categories of possible data needs have been identified by a joint team of scientists from ATSDR,
NTP, and EPA. They are defined as substance-specific informational needs that if met would reduce or
eliminate the uncertainties of human health assessment. This definition should not be interpreted to mean that
all data needs discussed in this section must be filled. In the future, the identified data needs will be evaluated
and prioritized, and a substance-specific research agenda will be proposed.
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs
Physical and Chemical Properties. The chemical and physical properties of the arsenic species of chief
toxicological and environmental concern are sufficiently well characterized to allow estimation of the
.3
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5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE
j environmental fates of these compounds. However, more information regarding the Ko„and Ka values of the
organic arsenicals would help predict the fate of these compounds in the environment.
Production, Import/Export, Use, and Release and Disposal. Arsenic and arsenic trioxide are no longer
produced in the United States(U.S.Bureau of Mines 1988,1990),but substantial quantities are imported(TRI88
1990). It appears that most uses of inorganic pesticides have been discontinued, but in some cases, organic
arsenicals may be used instead. Current production and use data for individual arsenical pesticides would help
to estimate human exposure to the various arsenic species.
According to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C. Section 11023,
industries are required to submit chemical release and off-site transfer information to the EPA. The Toxics
Release Inventory (TRI), which contains this information for 1988, became available in May of 1990. This
database will be updated yearly and should provide a list of industrial production facilities and emissions.
Environmental Fate.The interconversion of the various arsenic species and transport among the environmental
media is complex and not all aspects are well-studied. Additional quantitative data on the rates of oxidation,
reduction,and biotransformation reactions of arsenic,and how these depend on environmental conditions would
S be useful in evaluating and predicting the fate and transport of arsenic at hazardous waste sites.
Bioavailability from Environmental Media. Toxicokinetic and toxicity studies establish that arsenic is absorbed
following inhalation and oral exposure. The influence of environmental matrix (soil, food) on absorption has
not been systematically investigated, and quantitative studies to determine whether absorption is significantly
influenced by these media would be valuable. Although absorption from dermal contact is usually considered
t to be minor,studies to determine if uptake occurs from contact with contaminated soil or water would be helpful,
1 since humans may be exposed by these routes near hazardous waste sites.
SFood Chain Bioaccumulation. Bioconcentration factors have been measured for several freshwater and
marine species. While some species (mainly marine algae and shellfish) tend to bioconcentrate arsenic (EPA
1980a), it does not appear to be biomagnified through the food chain(Callahan et al. 1979; EPA 1982a, 1983e).
' Further research on the uptake of arsenic from soil into plants would be valuable in assessing human exposure
near waste sites (e.g., through consumption of vegetables from home gardens).
i
Exposure Levels in Environmental Media. Extensive monitoring data are available for total arsenic in all
environmental media. However,most of the data are more than three years old and few studies have monitored
individual arsenic species in air, water, or soil. Additional monitoring studies that include complete arsenic
speciation data would allow more precise estimation of current exposure levels and possible human health risks.
Exposure Levels in Humans. Arsenic has been detected in human tissues, including blood,urine,hair,nails,
and internal organs. Data are available for populations exposed in the workplace and for the general population,
i but no studies have been published on exposures near waste sites. Biomonitoring studies of residents near waste
sites that contain arsenic would be helpful in evaluating the likely human health risks from these sites.
Exposure Registries. No exposure registries for arsenic were located. This compound is not currently one
of the compounds for which a subregistry has been established in the National Exposure Registry. The
compound will be considered in the future when chemical selection is made for subregistries to be established.
iThe information that is amassed in the National Exposure Registry facilitates the epidemiological research
needed to assess adverse health outcomes that may be related to the exposure to this compound.
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7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES
Because of its potential to cause adverse health effects in exposed people,a number of regulations and guidelines
have been established for various inorganic and organic forms of arsenic by international, federal, and state
agencies. These values are summarized in Table 7-1.
ATSDR has derived a chronic oral MRL of 0.0003 mg As/kg/day for inorganic arsenic. This MRL is based on
a NOAEL of 0.0008 mg As/kg/day observed in a large Taiwanese population exposed to arsenic mainly via
drinking water (Tseng 1977;Tseng et al. 1968). An uncertainty factor of 3 was used to account for the fact that
the population was relatively young, decreasing the ability to detect any possible effects.
EPA has also derived chronic and subchronic oral Reference Doses (RfDs) of 3x10'4 mg/kg/day for inorganic
arsenic,based on the NOAEL of 8x10"4 mg/kg/day in humans chronically exposed to arsenic(IRIS 1992;Tseng
1977). The critical effects were keratoses and hyperpigmentation of the skin with possible vascular complications.
EPA places medium confidence in the chronic RfD.
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Arsenic groundwater 6 dist W Bengal, EGH 1996 18,pp 5-15 Page 1 of 11
(c) 1997 Chapman & Hall. Reprinted with permission.
TAB ,E OF CONTENTS I ARSENIC CRISIS INFO CENTRE HOME I
Environmental Geochemistry and Health (1996), 18,5-15(0269-4042* 1996 Chapman&Hall)
Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West
Bengal, India
Dipankar Das, Gautam Samanta, Badal Kumar Mandal, Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Chitta Ranjan
Chanda,Partha Pratim Chowdhury, Gautam Kumar Basu and Dipankar Chakraborti
School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta - 700032, India
Arsenic in groundwater above the WHO maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mg/-1 has been found in six districts of West Bengal covering an
area of 34 000 km with a population of 30 million.At present,37 administrative blocks by the side of the River Ganga and adjoining areas are
affected.Areas affected by arsenic contamination in ground-water are all located in the upper delta plain,and are mostly in the abandoned
meander belt.More than 800 000 people from 312 villages/wards are drinking arsenic contaminated water and amongst them at least 175 000
people show arsenical skin lesions.Thousands of tube-well water in these six districts have been analysed for arsenic species.Hair,nails,scales,
urine,liver tissue analyses show elevated concentrations of arsenic in people drinking arsenic-contaminated water for a longer period.The source
of the arsenic is geological.Bore-hole sediment analyses show high arsenic concentrations in only few soil layers which is found to be associated
with iron-pyrites.Various social problems arise due to arsenical skin lesions in these districts.Malnutrition,poor socio-economic conditions,
illiteracy,food habits and intake of arsenic-contaminated water for many years have aggravated the arsenic toxicity.In all these districts,major
water demands are met from groundwater and the geochemical reaction,caused by high withdrawal of water may be the cause of arsenic
leaching from the source.If alternative water resources are not utilised,a good percentage of the 30 million people of these six districts may suffer
from arsenic toxicity in the near future.Keywords:Arsenic,arsenic poisoning,groundwater,West Bengal.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Introduction
Intermittent incidents of arsenic contamination in groundwater and the consequent ill health of people
from arsenic poisoning have been widely reported. There are many clinical manifestations but the
most commonly observed symptoms of chronic arsenic poisoning are conjunctivitis, melanosis and
hyperkeratosis. In severe cases, gangrene in the limbs and malignant neoplasm have also been
observed.
The arsenic contamination incident in the well-water of Taiwan(1961-85) is well known(Lu, 1990).
The population of the endemic area was about 100,000. Both arsenism and black-foot disease were
limited to people drinking artesian well-water with a variable but high concentration of arsenic (0.10 -
1.8 mg 1-1 ). The report (Borgono & Greiber, 1971) of a similar problem in Antofagasta, Chile, shows
that almost 100 000 inhabitants of that city out of a total population of 130 000 were drinking water
with a high arsenic content(0.8 mg 1-1 ) for 12 years between 1959 and 1970. More than 12% of the
population drinking water containing high arsenic exhibited dermatological manifestations related to
arsenic.
Chronic arsenic poisoning was also reported (Cebrian et al., 1983) in some parts of Region
Lagunera, situated in the central part of North Mexico during 1963-83. The arsenic concentration in
ground-water exposed to the population was 0.41 mg l-' . Around 200 000 people in the region were
reported to be exposed via drinking water to concentrations higher than 0.05 mg I-, , and 21.61% of
the exposed population showed at least one of the cutaneous signs of chronic arsenic poisoning. In
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Monte Quemado of Cordoba Province in the north of Argentina, a similar incident known as " the
illness of Bell Ville (Cordoba)" was reported(Astolfi et al., 1981). The occurrence of endemic
arsenical skin disease and cancer was first recognised in 1955. The total population of the endemic
area was about 10 000.
From the observations in the Cordoba it was concluded (Astolfi et al., 1981) that the regular intake
of drinking water containing more than 0.1 mg 1-1 of arsenic leads to clearly recognisable signs of
arsenic toxicity and ultimately in some cases to skin cancer. Researchers followed 166 patients with
clear signs of chronic arsenic disease over a number of years (Astolfi et al., 1981). After 15 years of
follow up, 78 had died, 24 from cancer(i.e. 30.5% of total deaths).
Thus,the literature shows that the major incidents of arsenic related diseases caused by drinking
arsenic contaminated water were in Taiwan (Lu, 1990), Antofagasta(Borgono and Grebier, 1971),
Mexico (Cebrian et al., 1983) and Argentina(Astolfi et al., 1981). Other minor incidents of
arsenic poisoning from groundwater, where a small population group was affected(showing arsenical
cutaneous manifestations) have been reported from Minnesota, USA (Feinglass, 1973), Ontario,
Canada(Wyllie, 1937),Nova Scotia, Canada(Grantham and Jones, 1977),New Zealand (Ritchie,
1961),Nakajo, Japan (Terade et al., 1960). A borderline case was observed in Millard County, Utah
(Southwick et al., 1983) where 250 people drinking well-water with arsenic content between 0.18
and 0.21 mg 1-1, showed a slightly higher percent of abnormalities related to arsenic toxicity,
although the arsenic in hair and urine were somewhat higher in the exposed population.
By contrast, studies in Lane County, Oregon(Morton et al., 1976), Lassen County, California, USA
(Goldsmith et al.,1972) and Fairbanks, Alaska(Harrington et al.,1978) reported that, although
arsenic concentrations in groundwater were higher than the maximum permissible limit(0.05 mg 1-1)
and arsenic in urine, hair and nails of the people drinking arsenic contaminated water were high, no
clinical or haematological abnormalities were observed in the exposed population.
The problem of arsenic contamination in ground-water in six districts of West Bengal, India, that we
will describe in this paper, is many times more severe than any incident previously reported. The total
population drinking arsenic contaminated water, and the number of people showing arsenical clinical
manifestations in these six districts, are much higher than those hitherto known from all other studies.
We will describe the suffering of people drinking arsenic contaminated water, and also the arsenic
concentrations in water and hair, nails, skin-scale, urine and liver tissues (biopsy sample) of affected
people. We will also describe the probable source of arsenic, its mineralogy.
Methodology
Water for analysis was taken from tubewells. Tubewells are bore-wells constructed mostly using hand
augers. After completion of drilling, wells are cased, keeping a perforated screen against the aquifer.
The pumping rate for each tube-well is approximately 2 L min-'and is done manually. Skin was
obtained by cutting small pieces of skin from palm and sole and is referred to as skin scales. Water,
urine, hair, nails, sediments, skin scales and liver tissues were analysed using Xray fluorescence
(XRF), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), Zeeman graphite furnace AAS, FI-hydride-AAS, laser
microprobe mass analyser(LAMMA) and X-ray powder-diffractometry. The XRF and EPMA
instrumentations have been described previously (Chatterjee et al., 1993; Chakraborti et al.,1992).
A LAMMA-500 (Leybold- Heraeus Cologne, Germany) was used to measure sediment samples, liver
tissues and skin scales to get positive and negative mass spectra. A detailed description of LAMMA
has been given elsewhere (Heinen et al.,1979).
The sediment samples have also been studied using a Siemens D-5000 powder-diffractometer, with a
Cu-target and excitation conditions of 45 kV, 39 mA, after the sediment samples have been separated
into different fractions under the microscope and using a permanent magnet to distinguish
morphological and magnetic properties. Arsenic in water, hair, nails, skin scale and urine samples was
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determined by FI-HG-AAS; instrumental parameters are described elsewhere (Das et al., 1995.)
The liver tissues were analysed using Perkin Elmer Zeeman AAS with nickel as matrix modifier; the
instrumentation was described previously (Chakraborti et al., 1993). A microwave oven, MDS-
2000, CEM, New York was used to digest the samples. The mode of collection, sample treatment,
analytical procedures for arsenic determination have been described previously (Chatterjee et al.,
1993, Irgolic et al., 1983, Chakraborti et al., 1992).
Bore-hole sediment analysis
Bore-hole sediment samples from Kamarpara, Malda and Barasat,North 24-Parganas were collected
at every 3.3 in interval. In Kamarpara, samples could be collected down to a depth of 100 in (below
which hard rock was encountered), while in Barasat, samples could be collected down to a depth of
370 in. The nature of the sediments as revealed from analyses of different bore-hole samples in the
area indicate that there is mainly clay of varying thickness at the top followed successively by fine
sand, fine-to-medium sand, coarse sand and, occasionally, gravels and silt. There are several such
cyclothems in the study area. The Malda samples which are rich in arsenic;, are mainly clay, while in
Barasat the sediment is sandy. Sediment samples were processed as described elsewhere (Chatterjee et
al., 1993).
Regional setting
Regional geology
The area constitutes the southern part of the Bengal Basin, a pericratonic basin in northeastern India.
The basin, which comprises the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in its southern part, has had a long
evolutionary history since its formation is a result of the break up of the Gondwanaland along its
rifted passive margin of the Indian Plate and its subsequent northerly movement in early Cretaceous
(126 Myr ago). The initial collision of the Indian and Eurasian Plates began in the early Eocene (40-
41 Myr ago) and resulted in the initial uplift of the Himalayas. As a result of this convergence, the
Ganges delta and the proto-Brahmaputra delta sediments were juxtaposed and gradually merged.
Relatively recent folding and uplift(Quaternary epoch) of the Brahmaputra sediments close to the
intraplate boundary redirected the course of the Brahmaputra to its present configuration (Morgan et
al., 1959; Lindsay et al.,1991).
E
The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta complex, which thickens towards the south, has three broad
stratigraphic sequence viz: (1)the proto-Ganges delta formed immediately after the break up of the
Gondwanaland (126 Myr ago); (2)the transitional delta(49.5-10.5 Myr ago); and (3)the modern delta
!` ' (10.5 Myr ago-present) with a successive sequence of sands, sandy mud, silt and mud which were
deposited under a major eustatic sea level low at about 10.5 Myr ago. The modern delta has been
i formed primarily of alluvial sediments transported by the rivers, e.g. the Mayurakshi, the Ajoy, the
Damodar etc. originating from the Chotanagpur Uplands in the west and subsequently by the rivers
flowing from the Himalayan foredeep basin e.g. the Ganges,the Padma, the Bhagirathi, the
Brahmaputra etc. flowing from the north when a gap, the Garo-Rajmahal gap, was created due to
tectonic movements (Auden, 1949). Arsenic contaminated groundwater occurs in the modern deltaic
sediments.
Geomorphology
The modern delta can be divided into two macroform processes regions: (1)the upper delta plain of
meander belts of the Padma- Bhagirathi rivers in the north; and (2)the lower delta plain with several
tidal creeks in the south. The upper delta plain is characterised by a series of meander scars of various
wavelengths and amplitudes, abandoned channels, oxbow lakes, formed under varying hydrodynamic
conditions in a fluvial regime. Abandoned meander scrolls are the most common form and could be
related to flood-plain formation in the upper delta plain with a very gentle southerly slope. Other land
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form features are levees, backswamps in between interdistributary levees etc.
The sediments of this plain consist of several fining upward sequences (clay-silt- sand). Such
cyclothems in the form of festoons are manifestations of the shifting of the meander belts with
channel lag bars, levees and backswamp sediments representing the coarse to medium sand, fine sand
and silty clay respectively. The lower deltaic plain constitutes tidal mudflats, distributary levees and
interdistributary marsh complexes formed under a fluvial - estuarine - marine environment under the
influence of fluctuating sea-level condition in geologically recent time (Pleistocene- Holocene). The
lower deltaic plain is characterised by the presence of an extensive clay capping of varying thickness
(15-76 m) which is underlain by silt, sand and gravel in many places (Deshmukh et al., 1973).
Areas affected by arsenic contamination in groundwater are all located in the upper delta plain and
mostly in the abandoned meander belts.
Geohydrology
The shallow aquifer(12 - 15 in below ground level, bgl) in the upper delta plain is mostly under
unconfined conditions except near its southern fringe where it occurs under semi-confined to confined
conditions. There are two more aquifers with depths ranging from 35 to 46 in and 70 to 150 in in the
districts of Malda, Murshidabad,Nadia, Bardhaman,North 24-Parganas. In the South 24-Parganas
these aquifers occur at greater depths. There is generally a southeasterly gradient of the water surface
sub-parallel to the general slope of the area. All the aquifers are interconnected due to spatial
variations in grain size.
In general, the upper aquifer material comprises sub-rounded to sub-angular fine to medium sand with
occasional clay lenses. Its heavy mineral assemblage (opaques, altered biotite, garnet, tourmaline,
kyanite, zircon) indicates a mixed metamorphic-cum-igneous provenance. The intermediate aquifer,
constituted of sub-angular to sub-rounded medium sand, sandy clay and clay with fine sands, and its
heavy mineral assemblage (biotite, garnet, kyanite, opaques) indicates a dominantly metamorphic
origin.
While the lower aquifer is constituted of sub-rounded to rounded fine to coarse sand with occasional
clay bodies, and its heavy mineral assemblage (opaques, altered biotite tourmaline, rutile etc.)
indicates an igneous provenance (Steering Committee Arsenic Investigation Project, PHE Dept,
Government of West Bengal, 1991). The intermediate aquifer usually shows arsenic contamination.
At the greater depth, aquifer arsenic may not be present at the beginning but may become
contaminated in the course of time. This is what we have observed during our study over the last six
years.
Results and Discussion
The area of West Bengal is 88 752 km2with a total population of 68 million (1991 census). There are
17 districts in West Bengal out of which, during the last six years, we have found arsenic above the
maximum permissible limit(0.05 mg 1-1 )inground-water of six districts. About 800 000 people are
drinking arsenic contaminated water and 175 000 people are suffering from arsenic related diseases.
These six districts are South 24-Parganas,North 24-Parganas,Nadia, Bardhaman, Murshidabad and
Malda.
The distance between the first point in South 24-Parganas and last point in Malda where we have
found arsenic in groundwater is about 430 km. The total area of the affected districts is 34 000 km2
(38.47% of the area of West Bengal) with a population of 30 million(44.4% of total population of
West Bengal). This does not mean that at present all of the 30 million people are drinking arsenic-
contaminated water and that the whole area of 34 000 km 2 is contaminated by arsenic. However, such
a possibility cannot be ruled out in the long term. In each successive year of our survey during the last
six years we have discovered more affected areas and an increasing population afflicted thereby.
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Arsenic groundwater 6 dist W Bengal, EGH 1996 18, pp 5-15 Page 5 of 11
Figure 1 shows West Bengal, its geographical position in India, its surrounding states and the six
affected districts where we have found arsenic in ground-water to be above the maximum permissible
limit and people to be suffering from arsenic-related skin diseases. Figure 2 (Figure 2a, Figure 2b,
Fire 2c, Figure 2d) shows the affected areas in these six districts surveyed during the last six years.
Table 1 shows details of the arsenic affected districts we have studied so far. We began our survey in
1989 and in successive years we have discovered, at the least, an increase of 20% in the further
affected areas with respect to the previous year.
Figure 1
Figure 1:Map of West Bengal, India with neighbouring states, six affected districts of West Bengal,
and neighbouring country Bangladesh.
Figure 2a Figure 2b Fi ure 2c .a. Figure 2d ": •_ ... .
Ak
Figure 2:Individual map of six districts we have surveyed for last six years and places where we
have found arsenic in groundwater and victims suffering from arsenical clinical manifestation.
Table 1
Table 1: Survey report of arsenic affected six districts till May, 1994.
Most of the three stages of clinical manifestation of arsenic toxicity are observed in the people of the
affected villages in six districts. These are: initial stage - dermatitis, keratosis, conjunctivitis,
bronchitis and gastroenteritis; second stage -peripheral neuropathies, hepatopathy, melanosis,
depigmentation and hyperkeratosis; and last stage - gangrene in the limbs and malignant neoplasm.
Urine analyses show a high concentration of arsenic in the urine of the diseased victims. In most cases
of chronic poisoning (except in children), arsenical melanosis and hyperkeratosis are common
symptoms.
Figure 3 (Figure 3a, Figure 3b, Figure 3c3c, Figure 3d3d) shows some photographs of the clinical
manifestations of a few affected villagers. Table 2 shows the arsenic content in tube-well water, and
the same in hair, nails, scale and urine of some people showing arsenical skin lesions and other related
dermatological manifestations. The concentrations are much higher than the normal values.
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Arsenic groundwater 6 dist W Bengal, EGH 1996 18, pp 5-15 Page 6 of 11
Fi 3a Fi 3b Fig 3c Fig 3d
f �
Figure 3 Photographs of some victims suffering from arsenic toxicity: (a) Gobida Roy (suffering
from acute hyperkeratosis). Village: Mandra; Block: Purbasthali I; District: Bardhaman. (b) Paresh
Roy (suffering from acute palm-keratosis); Village: Uporchapahati; Block: Purbasthali I; District:
Bardhaman. (c) Jalil Seikh (suffering from suspected skin cancer); Village: Dhanirampur; Block:
Jalangi; District: Murshidabad. (d) Montu Bala's feet operated for gangrene and both suffering from
keratosis; Village: Jaynabad; Block: Karimpur II; District: Nadia.
Table 2
Table 2 Arsenic content in ground water, urine, hair, nail and skin-scale samples of the six affected
districts.
Notes:
n'=No. of location samples analysed;n =No. of samples analysed.
a The normal excretion levels of arsenic in urine range from 5 to 40 mg day-1.
b The normal amount of arsenic in hair is about 0.08 to 0.25 mg kg-1 with 1.0 mg kg lbeing indication of the presence of
excess arsenic.
c The normal arsenic content of nails 0.43 to 1.08 mg kg 1.
Water analysis for total arsenic and other species of the contaminated tubewells in these six districts
(Chatterjee et al., 1995; Das et al., 1995) show that only arsenite and arsenate are present in the
groundwater and their average ratio is 1:1. Neither MMAA (monomethyl arsonic acid)nor DMAA
(dimethyl arsinic acid) could be detected.
To determine the concentrations of other elements, 5 litres of a tube-well water containing high
arsenic 2.6 mg 1-1 was rotoevaporated to dryness and the solid residue was analysed by XRF. The
results were presented in an earlier publication(Chatterjee, et al., 1995). The results show high
amounts of iron(3.3 mg 1-1), manganese (2.8 mg 1-1), arsenic (2.6 mg 1-1) and total sulphur(3.9 mg
1-1). But as As(III) is more more toxic than As(V) (Committee on Medical and Biological effects on
Environmental Pollutants, 1977)the maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mg 1-1 (as total arsenic) in
groundwater should be reduced in these affected districts.
Urine analyses of the patients have revealed that all four arsenic species are 80 m, 41.82 mg kg 1-1 at
80-83 m, and 18.5 mg kg 1-1 at 83-86 m depth. In the sediments below and above, the arsenic
concentration is between 1 and 6 mg kg 1-1 . In Malda, we could not drill below 100.5 m due to hard
rock. In Barasat bore-hole sediments, we have found arsenic levels of 24.51 mg kg-1 at 156 m depth
and 69.47 mg kg-1 at 185 m depth. All other sediment samples contain arsenic around the normal level
of 5-6 mg kg-1 (Committee on Medical and Biological effects on Environmental Pollutants, 1977).
The mode of occurrence of arsenic in such sediments has been probed. For this purpose, we separated
a few milligrams of opaque and non-opaque grains from the Barasat sediment with the help of a
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Arsenic groundwater 6 dist W Bengal, EGH 1996 18,pp 5-15 Page 7 of 11
simple microscope. The sample was numbered DD-70. Analysis of a part of the sample by X-ray
diffractometer showed the presence of haematite, magnetite, pyrite, quartz and FeSO 4. A portion of
DD-70 was powdered and analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The sample showed a high arsenic
concentration(413 + 13 mg kg-1 ). The concentrations of some other elements in the same sample
were: Fe, 35 +0.018; Mn, 1.68 + 0.005; S, 3.1 + 0.6 (by wt %) and other metals in mg kg were: Cr ,
196 + 17; Co, 235 + 17; Ni, 28 + 3; Cu, 38 +2; Zn, 67 + 2. Since the sample (DD-70) contains high
concentration of arsenic, other instrumental techniques e.g. electron probe micro analysis (EPMA),
laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) and Siemens D-5000 powder diffractometer were used for
characterising the particles. Figure 4 (Figure 4a, Figure 4b) shows the EPMA study of a particle. The
spectral analysis shows that the particle is composed mainly of iron and sulphur with low arsenic. A
random overnight analysis of powdered DD-70 sample by EPMA on a total of 897 particles showed
that, 12 particles contain iron, sulphur and arsenic. Table 3 shows the analytical data for particles rich
in iron, sulphur and arsenic. The EPMA study indicates that the particles in Table 3 are most probably
iron pyrites containing arsenic. LAMMA spectra in both+ve and-ve modes of sample DD-70 indicate
iron pyrites and arsenic in the bombarded DD-70 particles.
Figure 4 Figure 4b
Figure 4 EPMA study of soil DD-70.
Table "'
Table 3 Arsenic contaminating particles studied in automated(897 particles) EPMA.
A pure iron pyrites (Merck Chemicals) standard was also studied by LAMMA in both+ve and-ve
modes, and when compared to the spectra of DD-70 it showed that DD-70 fragments came from iron
pyrites. A mineralogical study of DD-70 using X-ray powdered diffractometry shows that the main
bulk of matter is magnetite, haematite and quartz along with some pyrite (FeS2) and (FeSO4). The
above studies indicate that arsenic is present in iron pyrites. Bore-hole arsenic rich sediments that we
have studied from other areas also indicate the presence of arsenic in iron pyrites.
Conclusions
The way that arsenic enters the groundwater in these six districts is not well understood. Our bore-
hole analyses show arsenic-rich FeS2 in sediment layers. Since iron pyrites (FeS2) is not soluble in
water,the question therefore arises how arsenic from pyrites enters the water. Although pyrites is not
soluble in water, it decomposes when exposed to air or in aerated water.
A probable explanation may be that the changes of geochemical environment due to high withdrawal
of groundwater might have resulted in decomposition of pyrites to ferrous sulphate, ferric sulphate
and sulphuric acid and thus arsenic in pyrites become available. Our mineralogical study by XRD
shows the existence of FeSO4 in DD-70 sample. The group that studied arsenic in the groundwater of
the western USA reported: " mobilization of arsenic in sedimentary aquifers may be, in part, a result
of changes in the geochemical environment due to agricultural irrigation. In the deeper subsurface,
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Arsenic groundwater 6 dist W Bengal, EGH 1996 18, pp 5-15 Page 8 of 11
elevated arsenic concentrations are associated with compaction caused by groundwater withdrawal "
(Welch et al., 1988).
It is also stated that due to heavy groundwater withdrawal, the underground aquifer is aerated and
oxygen causes degradation of arsenic- rich source (Mallick et a1.,I995).The decomposition of
arsenic rich pyrite (FeS2) may be by the following mechanism.
2FeS2.__2H2O_702___2W -_4HSO4
4Fe2 ._02._4H- ____4Fe3 ....2H2O
FeS2__14W-__8H2O_.. 15Fe2 2SO4 16H-
The Fe3+ions formed act as a catalyst for the further decomposition of pyrite.
The groundwater withdrawal in these districts is very high. In one district (North 24-Parganas), the
status of aquifer exploitation is as high as 79.40% (Directorate of Agricultural Engineering, 1991).
Thirty to 40 years earlier agriculture 1n West Bengal was rain dependent and in each year there was
only one crop following the monsoon. But, at present, to meet the food demand of the increasing
population, 3-4 crops in a year are very common. In these districts, millions and millions of cubic
metres of underground water is used for agricultural irrigation. This heavy withdrawal of under
groundwater may be why iron pyrites decomposes.
Six more experimental pumping tests (each of 8 hours duration and withdrawal rate of around 33 m s
h-1, bore-hole depth : 20.2-50 in bgl) were carried out in three districts (Steering Committee, Arsenic
Investigation Project, 1991). The average arsenic concentration remained nearly constant after 8 hours
of water withdrawal. Calculations show that from a single pump at Paranpur village, Raninagar Block
11, Murshidabad, 200 g of arsenic are emerging out with groundwater withdrawal for a continuous
period of 8 hours. This result agrees with our earlier result of 150 kg of arsenic that came out in water
withdrawn by a Rural Water Supply Scheme in Malda(School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur
University, 1991) during one year.
There is no evidence that the arsenic levels in tube-well water will decrease in space and time. This
again indicates that the source of arsenic in these six districts is geological. In our survey for the last
six years, more and more arsenic affected villages are added every year to the list. Some parts of the
bordering area of Bangladesh are arsenic affected; six districts of West Bengal are also affected. This
is evident from a preliminary report from Bangladesh(Khan, 1995). Arsenic-affected victims come to
West Bengal for medical treatment.
Dietary deficiency can affect the toxicity of an element(Harding, 1983). For instance, vitamin C and
methionine reduce the toxicity of arsenic, but vitamin A deficiency increases sensitivity to arsenic and
high carbohydrate diets or high protein diets or even high fat diets protect against the toxic effect of
arsenic (Johnson et al., 1978). Arsenic may inhibit enzymatic behaviour. The glutathione
peroxidase enzyme is selenium dependent, and because arsenic can inhibit the action of selenium, it
might result in an apparent deficiency of this enzyme.
Due to the very poor socio-economic condition in the arsenic affected villages, the villagers suffer
from malnutrition. There are many social problems of the villagers in the affected districts due to
arsenical skin lesions. Wives are sent back to their parents, sometimes together with their children.
Boys and girls are barred from conjugal life. In villages, it becomes a problem for parents to get their
affected daughters married. Upon noticing the skin manifestations during interview competent
candidates are not offered jobs. Life becomes miserable when one of the partners of a married couple
is arsenic-affected. Ignorant villagers mistakenly suspect the skin manifestations as those of leprosy
and therefore avoid the person.
To combat the situation education of the villagers about this problem and provision of an alternative
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Arsenic groundwater 6 dist W Bengal, EGH 1996 18, pp 5-15 Page 9 of 11
source of water are urgently needed. These six districts have plenty of water sources other than
groundwater. There are a good number of rivers flowing through these six districts (Figure 1) in
addition to the presence of water logged/marshy lands covering around 2343 km2 in these six districts.
Annual rainfall is around 2000 mm which is one of the highest in the country. A good watershed
management is extremely necessary in the present situation.
Acknowledgements
We thank Professor F. Adams of Micro Trace Analysis Centre, University of Antwerpen, Belgium;
Professor K.J. Irgolic, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Dr K. Ettinger of Institute for
Mineralogie-Kristallographie and Petrologie, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria for the
laboratory facilities and discussions extended to one of the authors, D. Chakraborti during his visits as
visiting professor. Thanks also to Dr D.N. Guha Mazumder of S.S.K.M. Hospital, Calcutta and Dr
S.P. Sinha Roy of C.G.W.B., Calcutta for the biopsy liver tissue and supplying Barasat bore-hole
sediment sample. Financial supports from CSIR(Government of India) and School of Environmental
Studies, Jadavpur University are greatly acknowledged.
References
Astolfi,E.,Maccagno,A.,Fernandez,J.C.G.,Vaccara,R. and Stimola,R., 1981.Relation between arsenic in drinking
water and skin cancer.Biological Trace Element Research. 3, 133-143.
Auden,J.B. 1949. Geological discussion of the Satpura hypotheses and Garo-Rajmahal gap.Proceeding,National
Institute of Science India, 15, 315-340.
Borgono,J.M. and Greiber,R. 1971. Epidemiological study of arsenicism in the city of Antofagasta. Trace Substances in
Environmental Health,5, 13-24.
Cebrian,M.E.,Albores,A.,Aguilar,M. and Blakely,E. 1983. Chronic arsenic poisoning in the north of Mexico.Human
Toxicology,2, 121-133.
Chakraborti,D.,Das,D., Chatterjee,A.,Jin,Z. and Jiang, S.G. 1992.Direct determination of some heavy metals in urban
air particulates by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry using Zeeman back-ground correction after simple
acid decomposition.Part iv:Applications to Calcutta air particulates.Environmental Technology, 13,95-100.
Chakraborti,D.,Burguera,M. and Burguera,J.L.1993.Analysis of standard reference materials after microwave-oven
digestion in open vessels using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Zeeman-effect background
correction.Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,347,233-237.
Chatterjee,A.,Das,D. and Chakraborti,D. 1993.A study of ground water contamination by arsenic in the residential area
of Behala,Calcutta due to industrial pollution.Environmental Pollution,80(1), 57-65.
Chatterjee,A.,Das,D.,Mandal,B.K.,Roy Chowdhury,T.,Samanta,G.and Chakraborti,D., 1995.Arsenic in
groundwater in six districts of West Bengal,India,The biggest arsenic calamity in the world.Part-1.Arsenic species in
drinking water and urine of the affected people.Analyst, 120,643-650. Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of
Environmental Pollutants 1977.Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants Arsenic,pp. 8, 18.National
Academy of Sciences,Washington,D.C.
Das,D., Chatterjee,A.,Mandal,B.K., Samanta, G.,Chanda,B. and Chakraborti,D. 1995.Arsenic in ground water in six
districts of West Bengal,India,The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part-2.Arsenic concentration in drinking water,
hair, nail,urine,skin-scale and liver tissue(biopsy)of the affected people.Analyst, 120,917-924.
Deshmukh,D.S. and Goswami,A.B. 1973. Geology and groundwater resources of alluvial areas of West Bengal.Bulletin
of Geological Survey oflndia,Series B,No.34.
Directorate of Agricultural Engineering, 1991.District data sheet,pp.21.Minor Irrigation Department,Government of
West Bengal,pp.21.
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une time commonly included in sprays for weed control or to destro} t e�T
along railroad tracks_ Qt q, �,erariu )fi drtic at'sellIcals str.cll as methylarsonic acid
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�u s` r�r ' ,}. t Ott :);`J�„suF ,,f,p , � .`:�a�'a-�?�7�• �.�'.
398
' ''•� r': MiNERAI. TRANSFORMATIONS
+•�.} � l,.i
oxidal"011 nit Tllt
sectll ro be an atatoh opllic: parallel t:0 the Nilm'ucrrtcr
r7retalx�liSi21 of nitrite.
Attempts to isolate chernoautot.ropils t::capal le
> of deriving cne)
Co l"'ersio>n(karsenite to arsenate have Sy lr`On) the
'F e failed, the tractinrl in rn.richments being;
abx)lished when udt;•anir carb oxl is absent. However, heterotropjlic E)a<te)ia ihau
e. Convert arSenite to the more Oxidized state have been is(>j j Tel. Irr this ptY)Cess,
Lk: :. thetefot-c, the inorgarlic r.a-ansformadotl is clearly tile
nestle It of'
f llcterrytr'c> ess,
t rxretatlolism. Many heterotrr,pjls, tltcmeover, can reduce arsenate to edr'Srnitc:f
TRANSFORMATION OF OTHER MiNtRALS
Zinc is of hiofogicaI irnpcn'tardce because of its role in plant. nutrition, fiat the:
introduction of'significant cl,aarltitjc� of the element to
' gether�vitll sewage sl t
applied to tile' bold bl;.as tmised the question i)# itS if=)lual jr udge
d�
t'Cquired (W FS stimulatory to the g'rOrvth of a FIF71rnf?er Of fltn xtcttb'. line ss I
bacteria, and analysis of their cells also shAl�+s'Us p)'esence jtorticvtr �lxcau;eeasM tsd
little is t<;gtlired in liquid rr�eclia (less than j,0 ? nl
' 1 l' ) and 'tile cells contain sr!cll
q antitirs(U.Krrally IQQ u)4pt} nl
„ small u.
pP ), rTrfcvobiil assimilation prol)abjy llas;att
•,, inconsequential impact on plant grciwth-
k,. The microllora may increase the solubilit
1 Urg�anic acids rlia rnakr f;luhl A Y of zinc in several eorays. (�r)
y e the cation in zinc silicatrs- For'exarrlple, 501ut)le
�k zirrc is released as the pH falls and orgatlic acids are cenN'ated l),' rlricrc)rJr'gat�-
istrfs when a coif sample is illtyculated into a Inedium conraining,
' Subsequently. tite soluble zinc level diminishes
+: Zn, a
b `J fJ.�.
acidity in tile liquid as (lie or T pt�ihzbly a result Of the fall in to ` I ¢,anisllls utilize the orT
The fall in pH arising f rOrir tile oxidation c f,"anic rids (Figure 23,fi)_ (fi)
"i will make zinc available. Increasing ac:rtlity'ahavor3trzinc'la�rpr�kes Ov l�b,rlitt��r es,
r ;6f: increasing al p
kaftllrrY diminishes it. (G) T11C dCCd)alrposition of Plant verna,Fns lead;:
' J to a ) fcasc pf for soluble c�Ztio)Z (8),
l
( Tic, rllC:t'll�rrerStdi iaaay he associated with
organic acid production- (d) The oxidation of the sulfide in lrls b: 1
will release tllc•- metal in a watt- forrll, ) Thiobacillue
remain in Solution if' the and significant atltt)urats may
pI'l slriyS low. A process mil' this sort may bt:
.. � a pronounced wlle:rl stick ores are mimed Evidence for a mien anti exposed to the air.
Evid biol
h o otncal effect on t r, zin vilabiitllvestiJattonso Its(-) conics, iroitlte-eaf condition of Several fruit trees, an abtiormality
Fe-SUIring from z.Fllc deficiency- When scuts supportingfi'uii trees v'synlptorns are brought to the laboratory, -sterilized, and seeded wvith l suitable 1
test plant, "Ogle of the svtllptoms appeal;. The rnocrllariorl of rile sterile samfilc
.{t Y
with a small amount of diseased soil ot,with certain bacteria, hoaaer,e)`,leads to a
,r^' r-edevelopmeilt of the deficiency" The condition can lie revers
tnenr�Ition with LnS() T P icd by supple-
in. i• Thus, r,itrdel- Cerr• -
have an influence, direct or indirect, On the a ,
vailabilit}' tocraie Mi or�a
.,I CT t dlrrav
The copper level also may be affected by rile tllctatbolisrn of ikre rraicroflora.
" For example, the co)Fcentrati
p of,solul>lc
OIl Copper pl decrc:asc:s during tltd' cfecotlr-
`��0 F��f��34}��t+fi�'�,z 1 t`X�`�t� rr�ks,�r�•�4.'��,a;'�Sr�'�nM l,,E.�� f�(' i,.'++ �.nit q�. tr�'lai l'J a,p�..' 4 a ,,� ` n �.
:W14-�.�Jm�,:�: !•. A :� '�S '?��"�« .- .�aXPe�iw �.�'1'sP 4.��40�1A.�r�,�Yn.*i u:k(..��,�rF i,k%"3 i ' r.�}�� !k �r`�.�,c rer.i�`+�,:.
APR-12-2000 09:30 CT DPH/EEOH e60 509 77e5 P.p2: 6
Arsenic il"I
.DrI*nk
r
®ng Water
Y
"F s
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Subcommittee on ,arsenic in Drinking dater
Committee on Toxicology
Boarcl on Environmentgl Studies and Toxicology kf fk
v�r
S3 2>.r?3
Commission on Life Sciences , -
National Research Council $f-
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NA71ONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, DC
APR-12-2000 09:30 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 ??85 P.03-Ic,
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Executive Sum=y
THE Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) directs the U.S_ Environrriental
Protection Agency(EPA) to establish national standards for contaminants in
public drinking-water supplies_ Enforceable standards are to be set at concen-
trations at which no adverse health effects in humans are expected to occur t `
and for which there are adequate margins of q g safety. Enforceable standards are
standards that can be achieved with the use of the best technology available.
dal a
Arsenic is a naturaIly occurring element present in the -environment in
both inorganic and organic forms. Inorganic arsenic is considered to be the
most toxic form of the element and is found in groundwater and surface water; A ``
as well as in many foods. A wide variety of adverse health effects, including TA y
skin and internal cancers and cardiovascular and neurological effects, have ' {,
been attributed to chronic arsenic exposure, primarily from drinking grater.
EPA's interim maximum contaminant level (MCL) f®r arsenic in dr`rillCtitg
water is 50 micrograms per liter (pg/L). Under the, 1996 SDVNr.A amend-
ments, EPA is required to propose a standard(an MCL)for arsenic in drink- ' a
ing water by January 2000 and finalize it by January 2001. gn
r s
THE CHARGE To TIM SUBcommTrrEE �
In 1996, EPA's Office of Water requested that the National Research
Council (NRC) independently review the arsenic toxicity data base and z
evaluate the scientific validity of EPA's 1988 risk assessment for arsenic in }
drinking water. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicol-
ogy(COT),which convened the Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water, �h
whose membershipincludes experts in toxicology,
xP Pharmacology,pathology,
chemistry, nutrition, medicine, epidemiology, risk assessment, and bio- }�
statistics. The subcommittee was charged with the following tasks: (1)review ,e
r
k
Y
t}
APR-12-2000 09:30 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7785 P.04/ 6
IM,
2 ARSEAvc rN DwNKiNG WA 7-ExEXECM
EPA's characterization of human health risks from ingestion of arsenic
coin- effects, cu<arzeous inu ` '
pounds found in food and drinking water and the uncertainties associated with Developmental at:t! ref,q
that characterization;(2)review available data on cancer and noncancer health inorganic:arsenic 111,,o e o,
effects from exposure to arsenic compounds in drinking water and the implica- Imown to pass tli:;.ot i s
tions of these effects on the assessment of the human health risks from arsenic and organic foMi
exposure; (3)review data on the toxicokinetics, metabolism, and mechanism C mammalian spec;.-CIS; :
or mode of action of arsenic and ascertain how these data could assist in viability
• Arsenic h ,
assessing human health risks from drinking-water exposures; and(4) identify been found to be regtlirt
research priorities to fill data gaps. EPA,did not request, nor did the subcom- sqpplerraentaton ac` `
mittee endeavor to provide, a formal risk assessment for arsenic in drinking gram(rg!g'I) u to
water_ m%nipigs, chic,,5 goad
TIE SuBcommn-mEIS APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE j RecomMudAticl16
i
The subcommittee evaluated data relating to key elements of the risk- Additional t,p,-,
assessment process—hazard identification,dose response, and risk character- dose-respon.�e
izatioa—that addresses the protective nature of the current MCL. Specifically, points, especially M_ .4,%
the subcommittee reviewed information on the health effects of arsenic expo- improving the
sure and data on the disposition and the mechanism or mode of action of i studies are rec0M,,1�T'
arsenic. The subcommittee also evaluated other information that could affect i arsenic Inge:-ic3 t rat `-
the risk assessment, such as variations in human susceptibility, and current the effect
capabilities to measure arsenic in various media, including biological tissues. efforts, pab'tiC C0
The major conclusions and recommendations of the subcommittee in each of arsenic-associai�i# ;:
those areas are discussed in the remainder of this summary. The implications diseases diabeless
of these findings on the assessment of human health risk is provided below in ruwe ste,pclir`= o
the section on risk characterization. shou�ld9caeiipll} :'= =
water,use�fBYI]. �ia�.•-.T
i DM SUBCOAMITME'S EVALUATION' techniclt;es t .=s=�' `=
nianner than i r, '
Health Effects
success, In
y
ould be
health Status of va
I The subcommittee concludes that there is sufficient evidence from human
epidemiological studies in Taiwan,Chile,and Argentina that chronic ingestion }
of inorganic arsenic causes bladder and lung cancer, as well as s1dn cancer. I
D sgaseft:,,,i ,A;, ,_.,;
With minor exceptions, epidemiological studies for cancer are based on
populations exposed to arsenic concentrations in drinking water of at least IB l7um:r= ;
several hundred micrograms per liter_ Pew data address the degree of cancer tract and is
risk at lower concentrations of ingested arsenic. Noncancer effects resulting ��.. .�
proteins and k..s-,Tn!:;
from chronic ingestion of inorganic arsenic have been detected at doses of peptides Tlx: .1,alf %"
0.01 milligram per kilogram(mg/kg) and higher per day. Of the noncancer ily ecreted is, sx..
,t;ALL
k
f
• rsK•
APR-12-2000 09:30 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7785 P.05/16
tINF�7NG WATER g'CVTIVE SUMMARY Y
of arsenic corn- effects, cutaneous manifestations of exposure have teen studied most widely.
associated with
Developmental and reproductive effects resultilt° fmm chronic ingestion of
)ncancer health inorganic arsenic have not been demonstrated in htullans. although arsenic is rt
utd the impIica- known to pass through the placenta- Parenteral administration of inorganic i?aw
�s from arsenic
and organic forms of arsenic are known to terat�`genic in a number of
ind mechanism marrlmalian species, and oral administration afs�'tti tend grON;,th and prenatal f '
could assist in viability. arsenic has not been tested for esseAtislity in humans, nor has it 3
F1
ind(4) identify been found to be required for any essential K be11li,:sl processes. Arsenic
id the subcom-
Supplementation at very high concentrations te.g.. ?`Qi--t-500 nan°grarus per
tic in drinking gram(ng/g)) in the diet has been shown to atZe,,t aNtitt$►and reproduction al
minipigs, chicks, goats, and rats.
GE a
Recommendations
s of the risk- ,additional epidemiological evaluations are m^rd�j to characterize the �ti�y>'¢
'isk character- dose-response relationship for arsenic-associated itl.er and noncancer end
4°
Specifically, points, especially at low doses. Such studies ar %f critical importance for
arsenic expo- improving the scientific validity of risk assessnleexnt. With respect to cancer, g�;
Of action of studies are recommended to refine the dose-iri`nse relationship between 'N�
v{
it could affect arsenic ingestion and cancer of the skin,bladder. and lung. and to investigate fi .j
�A- J
and current the effect of arsenic on cancer at other sites, \®ith respect to noncancer x
jgical tissues, effects, particular emphasis should be place oil Tidemkol0®tcai study of
tee in each of arsenic-associated cutaneous effects cardic,\%L-tulsr an
cerebrovascuiar `
s implications disease, diabetes mellitus, and adverse reprodu.ti\r,wtromes,
ided below in Future studies on the beneficial effects of anvili: in a_xpeerirnental animals
should carefully monitor the amount and speciAtit)"Of arsenic in diets and
water, use biomarkers to assess arsenic exposure"'d NO3vallability, and use
techniques that assess the toxicity and benefits'`f arsenic in a more specific
manner than is possible through measurement of gn,»'th and reproductive
success. In humans, the concentration of arsenic in n+t:+l parenteral nutrition
(TPN)should be determined by validated anah-ti.xl nic&,d&and related to the
health status of patients on long-term'IPN.
from human , t ;
aic ingestions
sldn cancer.
based on Disposition(Absorption, Distribution, moot cl ism, and Excretion)
cofat
least
ee of cancer In humans, inorganic arsenic is readily absnrW tnvri the gastrointestinal r�
:ts resulting
tract and is primarilytransported in the blood 1�u Q a1 sWfhydryI groups in `f
at doses of proteins and low-molecular-weight compounds. Q,:h as amino acids and Y
peptides. The half-life of arsenic in the body is aN"qjt 4 days.and it is primar-
non,cancer " ;
ily excreted in the urine. Humans and sonic anistA33s methYlate inorganic
s '
r r r
fi
^r
r!z
APR-12-2000 09:31 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 77e5 P.06/1-6
4 ARSENIC INDRINf TNG WA TER E'-g ? - k �l?�f,-fi t'`
arsenic to forms that are less acutely toxic and more readily excreted. Hove- Recommendations
ever, the methylation process varies among animal species, making most
aWsual models less suitable for studying the disposition of arsenic in humans. Identification of
The methylation of ingested arsenic is not inhibited or overloaded, witless application in c;;nni,Jiy
acute toxic doses are ingested. Substantial variations in the fractions of the cancer dos-,-
methylated forms of arsenic in urine are also known to occur among different characterization of
populations and individuals within the same exposed population. Such varia- ate controls might ai'
tions might be indicative of genetic differences in the enzymes responsible for tcnnors,
the methylation of arsenic. Methylation of arsenic might also be influenced stet, or rabbit) rn.40e#:
by such factors as the arsenic species absorbed, high acute doses, nutrition, arsenic cap cirojrcrz
and disease. The extent to which variation in arsenic methylation affects its ations.
toxicity, including carcinogenicity, is not known- A greater ur„'o,-:tt-
arsenic's eMct ;,• #;_ ,_: ;
Recommendations cesses,iurlutl3.ir
stress, and
Because of interspecies differences in the disposition of arsenic, more d
human studies are needed, including research using human tissues. Factors
influencing the methylation, tissue retention, and excretion of arsenic in
humans also need to be investigated. Human 4-a il:;
likely fir,) vat
Mechanism or Mode of Action other vo>>siblb
The mechanism or mode of action by which inorganic arsenic causes be needed when
toxicity, including cancer, is not well established. In vivo studies in rats and in metabolisin and ess tl,
mice to determine the ability of inorganic arsenic to act as a cocarcinogen or people w�}�ib tc`I?_ r ? " ',
bSJWIe� {Nbd ��`saSw�� 6}L;
as a promoter have produced conflicting results. Studies on the arsenic bodies
cYildrert d 3{ be
metabolite, dimethylarsinate (DMA), suggest that it is not an initiator but
might act as a promoter. However, those studies used very high doses, poor nutridiol a E
malting interpretation of the results difficult, especially if DMA is formed in arsenic, rend tin?¢::
situ following the administration of inorganic arsenic- optx ent of to%zr in �1 _
The most accepted explanation for the mode of action for arsenic carcino- cow er`3tou
genicity is that it induces chromosomal abnormalities without interacting methylation.
directly with DNA. These markers of tumor response would lead to a dose-
response curve that exhibits sublinear characteristics at some undetermined Rmonmmendation-:s
region in the low-dose range, although linearity cannot be ruled out.
The mechanism of action by which arsenic induces noncancer effects is Factors. that
centered on its inhibitory effects on cellular respiration at the level of the cancer rind
mitochondrion. ]Hepatotoxicity is a major health effect related to decreased attention�Iiowd b;.iq,�'-f
cellular respiration. Oxidative stress might also have an important role in both it with. respect W
cancer and noncancer effects.
(includita„rg tot;il snc'+ Iw
_A
u
n
APR-12-2000 09:31 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7785 F'.0?/16
� ry 7 1
tY
rNDRINKING WATER EXECT-1=SUMMARY
as
lily excreted. How- Recommendations �
ecies, making most �r;y.
,f arsenic in humans. Identification of proximate markers of arsenic-induced cancers and their
overloaded, unless application in carefully designed epidemiological studies might better define z u w
in the fractions of the cancer dose response curves at low concentrations. Molecular and cellular
zcur among different characterization of neoplasms from arsenic exposed populations and appropri-
,uiation. Such varia- ate controls might aid in identifying the mechanists by which arsenic induces
ymes responsible for tumors. Chronic low-dose studies in a suitable animal model (mouse, han.,-
it also be influenced ster, or rabbit) might increase our understanding of the mode of action of " h
ute doses, nutrition, arsenic carcinogenicity, particularly the potential role of chromosomal alter-
ethylation affects its ations. � s
A greater understanding is needed of the inter-relationships between
arsenics effects on cellular respiration and its effects on biochemical pro-
cesses,including methylation,formation of reactive oxygen species,oxidative r t
stress, and protein stress response.
on of arsenic, more
aan tissues. Factors Variation in Human Sensitivity 5 ;
resin of arsenic in s
Human sensitivity to the toxic effects of inorganic arsenic exposure ks ���� , r•`
F r AY(a s
likely to vary based on genetics, metabolism, diet, health status, sex, and t xg Y21
other possible factors. These factors can have importaut implications in the
assessment of risk from exposure to arsenic. A wider margin of safety might
be needed when conducting risk assessments of arsenic because of variations i
,anic arsenic causes :r ,
o studies in rats and in metabolism and sensitivity among individuals or groups. For example,
�73
people with reduced ability to methylate arsenic retain more arsenic in their
is a cocarcinogen or bodies and may be more at risk for toxic effects. One study suggests that
dies on the arsenic
children have a lower arsenic-methylation efficiency than adults. Similarly, Wi _
not an initiator but A
poor nutritional status might decrease the ability of an individual to methylate � ' ='r
xl very high doses, ,}
arsenic,resulting in increased arsenic concentrations in tissues and the devel- = f
f DMA is formed in opment of toxic effects. There is some evidence from asirnal studies that low
for arsenic carcino- concentrations of S adenosylmethionine, choline, or protein decrease arsenic :4 � `g
methylation.
without interacting
tould leadto adose-
some undetermined Recommendations r
oe ruled out.
noncancer effects is Factors that influence sensitivity to or expression of arsenic-associated
z at the level of the cancer and noncancer effects need to be better characterized. Particular f ,
related to decreased attention should be given to the extent of human variability and the reasons for .};„<, , .
:nportant prole in both it with respect to arsenic metabolism, tissue accumulation, and excretion
(including total and relative amounts of urinary arsenic metabolites) under £
�utl 4J
1
RPR-12-2000 09:32 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7785 P.08/: (=.
i
+ AI sEA7c iN DRLvKN. G WATFR
various conditions of exposure. Gene products responsible for metabolism, coric�zt�trpicr
diet, and other environmental factors that might influence the susceptibility to toxicity. Da.t . M-e P
or expression of arsenic-associated toxicity also need to be characterized in the United St tms, P
human studies and in suitable animal models. Potential differences between urine, UI oz.is, . .
young children and adults in arsenic-methylation efficiency need to be vali- ofexternz! b rloar'_'
dated and considered in any risk assessment of arsenic. Finally, quality-
control - k,
q Y
control data are needed to ensure that reported variations are not due to the
analytical methods or procedures used. Standard reference materials are biologicall
needed to analyze arsenic species in urine.
Other Considerations
Assessment of arsenic exposure via drinking water is often based on thce
measurements of arsenic concentrations in drinking water and assumptions
regarding the amount of water consumed. Such data are estimates, the
uncertainty of which will depend on the method used. The subcommittee human
evaluated various biomarkers (e.g., arsenic in urine, blood, hair, and nails)
to measure the absorbed dose of inorganic arsenic and concluded that blood, increast:ai
hair, and nails are much less sensitive than urine as biomarkers of exposure. mittee's
Specifically, the subcommittee concluded that the total concentration of
inorganc arsenic and its metabolites in urine is a useful biomarker for both and
recent (previous day) and ongoing exposure. The concentration of urinary in M'``
inorganic arsenic and its metabolites is less influenced by the consumption of study that i
seafood than is the total concentration of urinary arsenic. The concentration eluded tl'i` ``'''";�s .
of arsenic in blood is a less-useful biomarker of continuous exposure because Provide T`'" ` `
} the half-life of arsenic in blood is short(approximately 1 hr),the concentration arsem '""
I i might be markedly affected by recent consumption of seafood, and it is
difficult to speciate arsenic in blood. Measurements of arsenic in hair and
nails have little use as biomarkers of absorbed dose, largely because of the
assi rm''
difficulty in distinguishing between arsenic absorbed from ingestion and obsei ` ; W .
arsenic uptake in hair and nails from washing with contaminated water. b.rported in€ '"
At present, the practical quantitation limit (PQL) for arsenic in water in tn�o ``' '
most commercial and water utility laboratories is 4 Kg/L. Measurement of
total concentration of arsenic in drinking water is adequate for regulatory extral�r,t�i5=`
purposes_ departar: f .n
action :
Recommendations � the
More data are needed that tie biomarkers of absorbed arsenic dose(espe-
ciallyurinary concentrations of arsenic metabolites) to arsenic exposure
APR-12-2000 09:32 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7785 P.09/16
F
f
for metabolism, concentrations, tissue concentrations, and the clinical evidence of arsenic : 4:
:e susceptibility to toxicity. Data are particularly lacking for people living in different parts of
characterized in
the United States. Possible relationships between arsenic concentrations in
ferences between urine, blood, hair, and nails need to be evaluated. In particular, the degree
r need to be vali-
of external binding of arsenic to hair and nails should be examined.
Finally, quality- There is a need for further development of analytical techniques to deter-
re not due to the f
mime the chemical species of arsenic in various media---water,food,urine,and a
tee materials are biological tissues. Quality-control _
g Q ty-control data and certified standards for arsenic �, '� �
speciation are also needed.
5
RISK CIIAPACTERIzATION r
'ten based on the
ind assumptions In the context of its task, the subcommittee was asked to consider whether IR
estimates, �' ; �{
ttae cancer or noncancer effects are likely to occur at the current I�tCI:„ No
e subcommittee studies of sufficient statistical power or scope have examined whether '
hair, and nails) consumption of arsenic in drinking water at the current MC°`L results in an �
ided that blood, increased incidence of cancer or noncancer effects. Therefore, the subcorn-
;rs of exposure. rnittee's characterization of risks at the current MCI. is based on observed #¢ f
oncentration of epidemiological findings,experimental data on the mode of action of arsenic, ;
Harker for both
and available information on the variations in human susceptibility. ' A
ition of urinary In the absence of a well-designed and well-conducted epidemiological
consumption of study that includes individual exposure assessments, the subcommittee con-
e concentration eluded that ecological studies from the arsenic endemic area of Taiwan
pow because provide the best available empirical human data for assessing the risks of x €
e concentration arsenic-induced cancer. The cultural homogeneity of this region. reduces 1'
Food, and it is concern about unmeasured confounders, although the potential for bias still � sx,
nic in hair and exists due to considerable uncertainty about the exposure concentrations "=
because of the assigned to each village. Ecological studies in Chile and Argentina have
ingestion and observed risks of lung and bladder cancer of the same magnitude as those t�����`
ted water. reported in the studies in Taiwan at comparable levels of exposure.
Information,on the mode of action of arsenic and other available data that ° y' r
niC in water in g N. ,
:easurement of can help to determine the shape of the dose-response curve in the range of }
for regulatory p �`
extra olation are inconclusive and do not meet EPA.°s 1996 stated criteria for
departure from the default assumption of linearity. Of the several modes of �� f
action that are considered most plausible, a sublinear dose-response curve in
the low-dose range is predicted, although linearity cannot be ruled out. In
X�
vitro studies of the genotoXic effects of arsenic indicate that changes in cellular
function related to plausible modes of carcinogenesis can occur at arsenic
►ic dose(espe- concentrations similar to the current MCL. However, the subcorz mit
;�ni'Mc. exposure tee �
believes that those data and the confidence with which they can be linked to
1
7.t 7
f
APR-12-2000 09:32 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7795 PAU1 1, _:
OfA! 4 S � ,'
.
8 Al2 AW LNDPJNA7NG Wr1TER
arsenic-induced neoplasia are insufficient to determine the shape of the dose- F-PA
response curve in the low-dose range(point of departure). The subcommittee goal #or
also fords that existing scientific knowledge regarding the pattern of arsenic as pronrr�`:hf a,
metabolism and disposition across this dose range does not establish the `l�inw,N) I'>
mechanisms that mitigate neoplastic effects. Sewitivit-'r
Human susceptibility to adverse effects resulting from chronic exposure irttslacling th—
to inorganic arsenic is likely to vary based on genetics, nutrition, sex, and to the Ct'>�ic-c
other possible factors. Some factors, such as poor nutrition and arsenic intake founding, oiiv_6C.1<;
from food might affect assessment of risk in Taiwan or extrapolation of results be fill-tK:: ati
in the United States. T <;. . {r:: - ,=
The subcommittee also concludes that the choice of model for statistical to
analysis can have a major impact on estimated cancer risks at low-dose factor $ ,
exposures, especially when the model accounts for age as well as concentra- cancer,
tion. Applying different statistical models to the Taiwanese male bladder_
cancer data revealed that a more stable and reliable fit is provided by Poisson
regression models that characterized the log relative risk as a linear function from Fi-n
of exposure. The estimation of risk at low doses using those models is sub- valve Mhl-o--Ald t_>-
stantially higher than that using the multistage Weibull model. As an alterna-
tive to model-based estimates of risk, the subcommittee finds that the point-of
departure methods discussed in the 1996 draft EPA guidelines for cancer risk
assessment give much more consistent low-dose estimates across a wide range
of dose-response models. For male bladder cancer, a straight-line extrapola-
tion from the 1% point of departure yielded a risk at the MCL of 1 to 1.5 per
1,000. Because some studies have shown that excess lung cancer deaths
attributed to arsenic are 2-5 fold greater than the excess bladder cancer deaths,
a similar approach for all cancers could easily result in a combined cancer risk
on the order of 1 in 100.1 It is also instructive to note that daily axscnic
ingestion at the MtCL provides a margin of exposure Iess than 10 from the
point of departure for bladder cancer alone. The public health significance of
daily ingestion of a given amount of arsenic in drinking water will be influ-
enced by the background levels of arsenic consumed in food
i
Recommendations
i
On the basis of its review of epidemiological findings, experimental.data
} on the mode of action of arsenic, and available information on the variations
in human susceptibility, it is the subcommittee's consensus that the current
Ij
a Two of the 16 members of the subcommittee did not agree with the I in 100 estimate
pending further analysis of the risk of lung cancer,as done for bladder cancer in Chapter 10.
I
�k
u
a �
i ,cE
,fdA�Y ��Syi..e
APR-12-2000 09:33 CT DPH/EEQH 860 509 7785 P.11,"'.J-;
r pia,;
W.gTFER FXFCVTM SUMMARY 9
a Kit ,
ae dl7Se- ;
tnmittee �nljbi To
and theref
arsenic r
dish the To improve future risk characterizations,the following are recommended: �� t
Sensitivity analyses should be conducted to determine whether tf►e results,
xposure including the way exposure concentrations are grouped together,are semitive
ex, and to the choice of model. The potential effect of measurement error and con-
c intake founding on the dose-response curve and associated confidence limits should
f results be further addressed. `
To assist in the application of cancer data observed in different populations
x>
atistical to cancer risks predicted for the United States, information on nutritional
►w-dose factors in study populations that pertains to susceptibility to arsenic-induced
►centra- cancer should be investigated.
Madder- Modeling of epidemiological data should not be limited to the multistage
Poisson Weibull model. Other models,including those which incorporate information
i 3 y C
kitttt 4r 5'f:s
unction from an appropriate control population, should be considered- The final z'sk
is sub- value should be supported by a range of analyses over a broad range of
dterna- feasible "+ $$_ ;
uer risk
e range „
rapola`
1.5 per ;
deaths
Y=� f
risk fk fr
? c
arsenic
om theinflu-
U-1ce of
j�
L :F
1j Y
al data 1 !7k h
6+ d
iations '' r
,urrent
I
r
btM
y
�,GyrS 1 Y
APR-12-2000 09:33 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 778S r=', � '.� ::
a
MC L?v DF PING WATER r'
;. Vital Statistics of the
ity, Pt. A, Sec. 6 Life <tK
yattsville, Md.
)nmental Epidemiology.
:e data studies of disease
properties of maximum
.nder nonstandard condi-
i benchmark approach to RiSk Characteftation
sessment_ Toxicol. Ind. Y
F�3
�{fh
s'Srr
I.M. Goeden, 1. Hertz-
and M T Smith. 1992, by its Statement of Task to the subcommittee,EPA requested guidanr,•e reg trd- � s
;nviron. Health Perspect, r r;
ing "the adequacy of the current EPA maximum contaminant levels it_�d_.s3
and ambient-water-quality-criteria (AWQC) values for protect:ir tam�ar �.
Biggs, 1998. Marked health in the context of stated EPA.policy. . . " EPA's stated policy, in serLL-ig
1 region of northern Chile ' Gx
mCLs for known human carcinogens has the "goal of ensuring that thu k ,
rniol., 147s660-669, maximum risk at the MCL falls within the 10'to 10' range that the diye tc
?revalence of skin cancer considers protective of the public health, therefore achieving the ovt °al;
van. J. Nad.Cancer Wt. purpose of the SDWA.(Safe Drinking Water Act)"(EPA 1992). EPA Bras not.
4 li
requested, nor has the subcommittee endeavored to provide, a formal Ask � y,
Meta analysis and risk assessrnent for arsenic in drinking water. however, the subcormrait.tee bc' 4
Wanted Epidcrniology, K. leevls it can provide EPA with an up-to-date summary appraitial cif t�'o e,, k�
mxford University Press. elements of the risk-assessment process—hazard identification and (103e
;n. 1989. Dose-response response—that qualitatively,if not quantitatively,address the protective
water and mortality from of the current MCL„ :
iol. 130:1123-1232. As the subcommittee discussed in detail elsewhere in t1t15 rep It, there i
sufficient evidence from human epidemiological studies in Taiwan,Chje, >Ild
.Argentina to conclude that ingestion of arsenic in drinking water poFes a s
hazard of cancer of the lung and bladder, in addition V) can cz of .e kizr.
. .. .,
Overt noncancer effects of chronic arsenic ingestion bAve been detected at
arsenic doses on the order of 0.01 mg/kg per day and higher, Of the no-�
cancer effects, cutaneous manifestations of exposure have been studied mo A
widely. No human studies of sufficient statistical power or scope have ex,=r-
ined whether consumption of arsenic in drinking water at the current. -
(approximately 0.001 mglkg per day) results in ari increased incide1 i >x of
cancer or noncancer effects. Therefore, a characterization of xlr r�sd. Rx
exists at the current MCL must rely on extrapolation by using obst+ cal z
299
t
sr
" i
{
� dw+4C
APR-12-2000 09:33 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7785 P
300 ARSENIC IN DWNIUVO Wd TER
epidemiological findings, experimental data on mode-of-action-relates eta
garding the anticipated variability In
points, and available information re
human susceptibility t t I
At present, studies from the arsenic endemic area of Taiwan continue to
provide the best available empirical human data for use in assessing the dose-
fr it
response relationship for arsenic-induced cancer. The current tate of knowl
edge is insufficient to reliably apply a biologically based modesl to those data,-
In accordance with EPA's "Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assess-
ment,, (EPA 1996), the subcommittee reviewed modes of action based on
f tumor response and on available data that can determine the shape
markers o u,
of the dose-response curve in the, range of extrapolation. As discussed in
Chapter 7 the several modes of action that are considered most plausible
curve
would lead to adore-response that exhibits sublinear characteristics at.
some undetermined region in the low-dose range. Nonetheless,in the context
of its task, the subcommittee considered the magnitude of the likely mincer
risks within the range of human exposure at approximately the cur-rent MCL.
In vitro studies of the genotoxic effect of submicromolar concentrations
of arsenite on human and animal cells and one study of bladder-cell
nuclei in humans with arsenic concentrations of 57 to 137 gg/L in untie
i
indicate that perturbations in cellular function related to plausible mo&!�s of
carcinogemsis might be operating at arsenic exposure concentrations msoci
ated with the cui-Tent MCL. The subcommittee believes that those data wad
the confidence with which they can be linked to arsenic-induced neoplasia are
insufficient to determine the shape of the dose-response curve between the
point of departure and the current MCL. The subcommittee also ids tI t
existing scientific knowledge regarding the pattern of arsenic metabolifla 2.nd
disposition across this dose range does not establish mechanisms that mitiguf,-
ricoplastic; effects. In light of all the uncertainties on mode of action, the
EPA's stated criteria(EPA 1996)for depa.tar-e
current evidence does trot meet
from the default assumption of linearity in this range of extrapolation.
In Chapters 2 and 10, the subcommittee reviewed the strengths and �Jur
limitations of the Taiwanese data. Chapter 10 also discussed the implications
of applying different statistical models to the Taiwanese intenial-caicer data
for the purpose of characterizing cancer risk at the current MCL in The United
States. With respect to EPA's 1988 risk assessment for arsenic-induced skip'
cancer in which the multistage.Weibull model was used,a sensitivity aWlYsis,
within the limits of the available data, suggests that rnisclassificatiOn allsir-9
from the ecological-study design and the grouping of exposures would likely
have only a modest impact on EPA's risk estimates. Sensitivity analyses
applied to rnale bladder-cancer risk estimated by the multistage Weibull model
had a greater impact on results. However, a more stable and reliable,fit was
provided by Poisson regression models that characterized the log relative risk
. ..........
APR-12-2000 09:34 CT DPH/EEOH 860 509 7785 P,14/^C
:01 a
' RISK CHA.RACTERMA770N
MC IN1lRIM�1N�'WATRR
Mode-of-action-related
end er cancer,
a linear function of exposure and a quadratic, function of a;e. For tna.3e
anticipated variability in bladdncer, a straight-line extrapolation from the 1'70 point of departure
th
(LE17,)yielded a risk at the MCL of 1 to 1.5 per l, tfl, o; ideririge data
area of Taiwan continue to on bladder and lung cancer in both sexes noted in the studies Chapter 4: a
the dose- similar approach for all cancers could easily result in a comnbirned cancel risk
)r use in assessing # '
on the order of 1 in 100. It is also instructive to note that daily arsen-sc
The current state of knowl- � �adults,provides a rnarl;in of
r based model to those data. ingestion at the MCL, approximately 100 Ng
or Carcinogen Risk Assess- exposure less than 10. fi
modes of action based on
As discussed in Chapter 8, the subcommittee recog es that but i " ;;
hat can determine the shape susceptibility to the adverse effects of chronic arsenic exposure is likely tO
ipolatiozy. As discussed in vary based on genetics, sex, and other possible factors, Some factors. such
considered most plausible as poor nutrition and arsenic intake from food,might affect assessment of risk v t
sublinear characteristics at in Taiwan or extrapolation of results in the United States.
Upon assessing the available evidence,it is the subcommittee � l's c0fl US 5`
Nonetheless, in the context water of 51 /l dfi's not
Qiaitude of the likely cancer that the current EPA MCL for arsenic in drinking �g 3
achieve EPA's goal for public health protectioxa a tlaer Ere requires dc�}rri- ;
)ximately the current MCL. -
'micromolar concentrations ward revision as promptly as possible.
study of bladder-cell micro-
;f 57 to 1.37 jagfJL in urine REFERENCES
,fated to plausible modes of Y
osure concentrations associ--
believes that those data and EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. Special R"r'rt Oil
nic-induced neoplasia are Ingested Inorganic Arsenic: Skin Cancer; Nutritional l£sugntxality E`I'A
rse }n,
once curve between the 6 5f3-S71013. U.S.Environnmental Protection Age--ncy-Risk Assessment
Forum, Washington., D.C.
ubcommittee also finds that g M >f
rl of arsenic metabolism and EPA (U.S. Enviroz��ental Protection Agency}. 1 rissri wa�et`;
ations--.9yc:tlxeric R�rl;ardN
national primary drinking water regul chat}iced:
sh mechanisms that mitigate ratea r�gkx�ata�t i
dies on mode of action, the and inorganic chemicals; national primary dru g
rsa(EPA 1995)for departure implementation. Fed. Regist. 57(138):31797.
ange of extrapolation. EPA(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 193h Proposed gudelz� s
revir,wed the strengths and for carcinogen risk assessment. Notice.. Fed. l egisr. 1(79):179-5g'
;o discussed the implications 18011.
x
iwanese internal-cancer data
,e current MCL in the United
lent for arsenic-induced skint r
s used,a sensitivity analysis,
that misclassification arising
cg of exposures would likely
mates. Sensitivity analyses
the multistage Wei-bull model
)re stable and reliable fit was
acterized the log relative risk
} 7 J
r
x 371,
3
,�� s
HYDRO-Solutions and Purification Page 1 of 2
HYDRO-Solutions and Purification
Enhanced Iron Co-Precipitation (EIC) Process
System Flowchart
—' —� Arsenic Free
.. :;w,.- Overflow
10
Processed
Arsenic - Clarification/ Water
�Etltttt�i" As<5 b
Contaminates_!
water
:.�
..„. _.. m..--- .-
Underflow
01
HYDRO-Solutions and Purification's Enhanced Iron Co-Precipitation arsenic removal
process is based on the patented Sol-Pur Arsenic Removal Process, patented in 1994. The
method differs from other iron co-precipitation methods in that all the arsenic is forced into
the pentavalent state, thus resulting in the maximum arsenic removal as a stable hydroxide
sludge. This sludge can then be de-watered, dried and disposed of at a solid waste disposal
site, as it will pass the EPA' TCLP test for leachable arsenic. In many instances, the sludge
may be discharged directly into municipal wastewater systems.
Because the EIC process is "low-tech", all components can be purchased "off the shelf"
resulting in low capital investment for the system. The chemicals associated with the arsenic
removal process are inexpensive and readily available. This coupled with the electronic self-
monitoring feature of our EIC system results in a 'hands-off" arsenic removal process with
low operational costs.
One unit, located at a Baptist Church near Fairbanks, Alaska has run continuously for 5
years, consistently reducing the arsenic level in the church's water.from 0.370 ppm to <0.005
ppm (chart below).
http://www.mosquitonet.com/hydro/page3.html 5/18/00
HYDRO-Solutions and Purification Page 2 of 2
Arsenic Content Through System
McCrath Road Baptist Church
400
300
0. 13E
a200
100 97.41% 99.48%+
Removed Removed
6
0 t ek
INPUT SAND LOU
WATER FILTERED FILTERED
HomePage
http://www.mosquitonet.com/—hydro/page3.html 5/18/00
A cost effective alternative to chemical treatment for As(III) in groundwater Pagel of
USE OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR ARSENIC REMOVAL
A cost effective alternative to chemical treatment for As(Ill) in groundwater
G.F. LEHIMAS, J.I. CHAPMAN and F.P. BOURGINE
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS& DISCUSSION CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTION
Biological filtration is a cost competitive treatment used for VAA
the removal of iron from groundwater. It consists of adapting
a natural bacteriological mechanism for water purification
purposes.
Under specific pH, temperature and oxygenation conditions,
filtering water through sand allows an iron oxidising biomass
to colonise the media (Photol). Iron precipitates in the filter,
thus enabling the production of high quality water for human
consumption.
The very first Biological Water Treatment Works in the United t
Kingdom was commissioned by SAUR UK in 1992 (Photo 2).
With a view to gain more knowledge about biological
processes, pilot studies were carried out to adapt the
biological filtration for arsenic removal. The elimination of As
(111), the oxidation state where arsenic is the most delicate to
treat, was specifically investigated.
This poster presents the results obtained in terms of arsenic
removal efficiency and gives the optimum parameters to be
used for the design of full-scale treatment.
2. METHODS
In a first stage, trials were carried out with groundwater
containing high natural levels of iron (8-12mg/1). The raw
water was spiked with sodium arsenite (NaAs02) and filtered
through a pilot unit under optimised conditions.
In a second stage, the same experiments were conducted
with lower natural levels of iron (1-2mg/1). Groundwater was
then spiked with ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) to artificially
increase the iron level prior to biological filtration.
The pilot unit consists of a 3m high column of 15cm
diameter, filled with 1 m of silica sand, grade 1.1 8-2.80mm
(Figure 1 and Photo 3).
Table 1 presents the typical properties of the water used
during the pilot studies. Both groundwaters were pumped
from the sandstone aquifer, at Forest Row (high iron) and
Saints Hill (low iron), United Kingdom.
Fe Mn NH_,+ pH 01
(mg1l) (Mg/1) (mg/1) (mg1l) (,c)
10 1 0 2; C, Ir
Table 1.Typical properties of the groundwaters after aeration
http://www.saur.co.uk/poster.html 5/18/00
A cost effective alternative to chemical treatment for As(IIl) in groundwater Page 2 of 3
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. High natural level of iron
For concentrations as high as 400pg/I, up to 90%
reduction of arsenic is achieved. An initial level of
arsenic of 75pg/I even allows a final concentration
below 10pg/I (Figure 2). In addition, complete iron
elimination is achieved.
3.2. Low natural level of iron
The arsenic elimination achieved is 40±10 %. The
filtration rate and the initial arsenic level do not have
significant effects on the arsenic elimination ratio
(Figure 3). Again, iron oxidation is completed (Final
Iron < 0.01mg/I).
3.3. Ferrous sulphate spiking
Artificially increasing the iron level in water allows us
to plot the general trend of arsenic elimination versus
the iron concentration (Figure 4). With initial arsenic
levels in the range 40pg/I to 300pg/I, up to 98%
reduction is achieved.
3.4. Elements of design
The data gathered in this study allows us to plot a 3D
chart simulating the iron concentration required to
obtain a given arsenic elimination ratio, according to
the initial arsenic level (F�ure 5.). This illustrates that
the initial iron concentration is the most important
factor for arsenic removal.
3.5 Mechanism
Fixation of arsenic (III) on the iron oxides produced by
the bacterial activity is the major mechanism involved.
Arsenic can either coprecipitate or be adsorbed on
iron oxides, as follows :
M-Fe-OH+H,AsO,—►M-Fe-H,AsO,+HzO
The micro-organisms deposit iron oxides in the depth
of the filtering media, offering a large surface area for
reaction. Arsenic concentrates in the `sludge'
continuously produced.
4. CONCLUSION
1. Under optimised pH, temperature and oxygenation
conditions, biological filtration allows simultaneous
elimination of arsenic (III) and iron.
2. The critical parameter is the initial iron concentration. If
the natural level of iron is too low, ferrous sulphate can
be added in order to complete arsenic removal.
3. The filtration rate has no significant effect on the arsenic
elimination ratio. The optimum value is chosen to obtain
complete iron biological oxidation.
4. Biological filtration for arsenic treatment can be applied
to any groundwater suitable for bacteriological iron
oxidation. The data collected in pilot studies gives the
iron concentration required to achieve full-scale arsenic
removal.
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A cost effective alternative to chemical treatment for As(III) in groundwater Page 3 of 3
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-OU611 V&UZJ40t
-OWn OPS
y ` 1540 SULLIVAN AVENUE • SOUTH WINDSOR, CONN. 06074
OR-co��,� AREA CODE 860 /644-2511
November 29, 2001 RECEIVE[)
NOV Z 9 ZOO,
Mr. John Doran SOUTH WINDSOR PLAWNGDEPT
Chase Orchards LLC
119 Meadow Woods Road
Deep River, CT 06417
Re: Chase Orchards Subdivision
Dear Mr. Doran:
The punchlist for the above referenced subdivision that was generated on July 12, 2001
included item 16 - sinkholes on Talcott Ridge Road at the two catch basins on both
sides of the westerly entrance drive to the community building. At the meeting with
Jon Gasior of Glastonbury Bank &Trust on November 2, 2001, we stressed that it was
important to repair these before winter due to safety concerns and to allow the Town to
remove snow from this road. As of this date, these sinkholes have not been patched or
repaired. These sinkholes have grown quite large and present a significant safety
hazard to motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians. Also, in order for the Town to plow and
maintain this road during the winter months, these sinkholes must be filled and/or j
repaired. Therefore, we request that these sinkholes be filled and/or repaired before
December 6, 2001. If they are not filled or patched by this date, and you have not
contacted us to let us know what arrangements have been made to do so, then the
Town will fill and/or patch them. In this case the cost of these repairs will be deducted
from the bond monies we hold.
If you have any questions, please call me at 644-2511 ext. 245.
Very truly yours,
Jeffrey Doolittle, P.E.
Town Engineer
xc: Jon Gasior - GBT
Marcia A. Banach - Director of Planning
Michael Gantick, P.E. - Director of Public Works
Joseph Perna, Project Engineer